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A level History: Stuart Britain > James I: Religion and religious divisions > Flashcards

James I: Religion and religious divisions Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the different religious groups of Britain in the 1600s:

A
  • alongside a minority of Catholics, there were various Protestant groups with differing views on religious practices
  • most people who identified with the Church of England were of a broad Protestant faith that had developed from Calvinism
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2
Q

what did Puritans believe?

A

believed the Church of England had not been sufficiently reformed
- wanted to make more radical changes to the English church which might upset the social order
- the ‘hotter sort of Protestantism’

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3
Q

what did Arminians believe?

A

Arminians were anxious to avoid ‘radical’ change and wanted to bring the State Church more in line with traditional Catholic practices

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4
Q

what reasons did English Protestants have a general hostility towards Catholics for?

A
  • the Reformation
  • the burning of Protestants when England briefly returned to Catholicism under the Catholic queen ‘Bloody’ Mary I (1555-58)
  • war against Catholic Spain during Elizabeth’s reign
  • they wanted toleration to worship in their own way which would undermine the uniformity of the country
  • Catholics owed their allegiance to the Pope first and the monarch second and this meant that they recognised a higher authority than the king/queen in England
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5
Q

why were Catholics a threat?

A
  • they wanted toleration to worship in their own way which would undermine the uniformity of the country
  • Catholics owed their allegiance to the Pope first and the monarch second and this meant that they recognised a higher authority than the king/queen in England
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6
Q

how did Catholics react in this anti-Catholic climate?

A

Within this anti-Catholic climate, Catholics remained loyal to the English Crown as they had been since the Reformation
- by 1603, they were generally politically passive

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7
Q

what was James’ attitude to Catholics?

A

James was prepared to make a distinction between Catholics who were ‘quiet’ and those who were ‘factious’
- although it was counter to popular feelings of anti-Catholicism, it was a pragmatic way to avoid forcing moderate Catholics to challenge him directly

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8
Q

outline the Reformation:

A
  • the British Isles divided along confessional lines following the Henrician Reformation in the 1530s
  • resulted in religious diversity across the British Isles
    (England, Wales and Scotland = Protestant, Ireland = Catholic)
  • the Church of England was governed by the monarchy
    (Anglicanism)
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9
Q

who remained powerful after the Reformation?

A

the great powers of the continent, Spain and France remained Catholic and increasingly sought to combat the growth of Protestantism, known as the Counter-Reformation

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10
Q

what had Mary I done to Protestants during her five year reign? (reason to fear Catholics)

A

1553-58: during her five-year reign, Mary I had over 280 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian persecutions
- deeply-seated fear of Catholics

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11
Q

what happened to Protestants in Paris in August 1572? (reason to fear catholics)

A
  • August 1572: over 5,000 Protestants were killed in Paris in the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre
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12
Q

outline the war between England and Spain in July 1588: (reason to fear Catholics)

A
  • July 1588: the Spanish Armada, the most dominant Catholic power, set sail, planning to ferry an invasion force under the Duke of Parma to the coast of southeast England
  • a combination of miscalculation, misfortune and an attack of English fire ships defeated the Armada
  • aimed to restore Catholicism in England
  • Spain remained at war with England until 1604 (Treaty of London)
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13
Q

what did English Catholics do in November 1605? (reason to fear Catholics)

A

1605: Catholic plotters, amongst whom was one Guido Fawkes, were caught during the course of preparations to blow up the Houses of Parliament

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14
Q

what were wider reasons to fear Catholics?

A
  • the fear of Catholics during James I’s reign was real, but also disproportionate
  • the main European powers were Catholic and were attached to the concept of absolutism
  • Louis XIII of France and Phillip III of Spain
  • the embryonic emergence of democracy at the start of the Stuart period in Britain meant Protestants became scared of absolutism
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15
Q

what was James’ beliefs surrounding the Divine Right of Kings?

A

As a strong believer in the Divine Right of Kings, James held the authority of the Church in high regard, and in return demanded obedience to himself as King and as the supreme authority in the Church

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16
Q

what was James’ own religious beliefs?

A

James was raised a Presbyterian (Scottish form of Calvinism) and was a loyal defender of Protestantism although he had misgivings about the radical nature of the Scottish Reformation
- Scottish kirk had no rigid hierarchy
- monarch would have less control - James doubted this

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17
Q

what was Presbyterianism?

A
  • Presbyterianism was bitterly hostile to Catholicism and less hierarchical than the Church of England
  • Whereas the Church of England was led by bishops appointed by the king, the Scottish Church was governed by elders and a democratically elected Synod
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18
Q

what was Calvinism?

A
  • named after John Calvin (1509-64)
  • the most influential figure of the Protestant Reformation apart from Martin Luther
  • central belief in Calvinism was predestination and the need for elders who ran the Church to impose discipline on its members
  • Calvinism became the dominant branch of Protestantism within the Church of England
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19
Q

why would Calvinism cause a problem for James?

A
  • as the Calvinist Church and state were separate bodies, James may not have been able to use his divine prerogative as a way to exert control over the Church
  • limited the scope for his power over the Scottish Kirk and gave more chance for rebellions
  • Calvinism’s radical notion that you do not have to be entirely reliant upon the institution of the Church to be a good Christian (done by engaging with scripture) also an issue
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20
Q

what were James’ aims for religious policy?

A
  • wanted to establish himself as Rex Pacificus (peacemaker King)
  • pursuit of religious unity was guiding principle for religious policy -> paralleled the ‘reunion of Christendom’
  • the creation of a middle way would allay extremes and enable moderates of all hues to co-exist peacefully within a broad national Church
  • willing to be tolerant of religious diversity as long as they are loyal to the CoE
  • ‘Christian union in religion…meet in the middest’
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21
Q

how did James attempt to restore religious unity to Christendom?

A

James regarded the fragmentation of Christianity (a consequence of the 16th century reformation) as a tragedy and he longed to restore religious unity to Christendom through marriage alliances

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22
Q

who did James attempt to create a marriage between?

A
  • James spent much of the 1610s and 1620s negotiating a match between Charles and a daughter of the Spanish monarch Phillip III -> regarded as the archetypal Catholic sovereign
  • James arranged for his daughter to marry Frederick V, the Elector Palatine, one of the main Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire (1613)
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23
Q

what do these marriage alliances suggest about James?

A

suggests that James doesn’t have an inherent disposition of Catholicism/Presbyterianism
- wants to establish concordance and harmony and doesn’t want a repeat of the Spanish Armada

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24
Q

How was James a moderate, but true, Protestant?

A
  • the Puritans in England admired Presbyterianism as a more extreme version of protestantism than the Anglican Church and hoped for further concessions from James
  • James, despite being raised in presbyterian Scotland, was not too keen on the radical nature of Presbyterianism
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25
Q

how did James continue Elizabeth’s legacy of a ‘middle way’ ?

A

James was willing to adopt the 1559 Act of Uniformity
- James appreciated the Anglican Church in part because of its hierarchical structure which was more stable than the Scottish Kirk
- James wanted to find harmony and unity across his three nations

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26
Q

how did James attempt to bring Catholics and Puritans towards the Church of England?

A

James sought to convince both Catholics and Puritans of the error of their ways and find a common home in the Church of England

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27
Q

why was religion everything in the 17th century?

A
  • religion was a major political issue
  • religious convictions were inseparable from politics
  • religion bound up with power and politics
  • religion remained the most radical and divisive issue of all with backlash against James’ religious reforms being the most significant
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28
Q

what example is there of religion being significant in politics?

A
  • e.g. many MPs who objected to Charles I’s attempts to resolve his financial problems in the 1620s and 30s opposed him, but did not take up arms against him in the 1640s. In contrast, those MPs who opposed him on religious grounds did go to war against him
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29
Q

why were groups outside the nationally established Church a threat?

A
  • those outside (religious nonconformists) might refuse to accept the authority of the national Church (heresy)
  • made them a potential threat to the State and the King (treason)
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30
Q

how accepting was James of other Catholics?

A

James was willing to accept that the vast majority of a political Catholics were actually loyal
- wrote to the Earl of Northumberland and promised that: “I will neither persecute any (Catholics) that will be quiet”
- willing to be relatively tolerant for non-conformist groups outside the Protestant spectrum

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31
Q

how many people were Catholic in England?

A

Only 2-5% of the population in England were Catholic, mostly in remote northern or far west of England

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32
Q

how did English protestants have a fear of secret Catholics?

A
  • might have been the case that there were millions of Catholics pretending to be Protestant but secretly waiting for the opportunity to overthrow the Anglican Church and violently restore Catholicism
  • these people might destroy England from within
  • also might be supported by Spain and or France
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33
Q

how did James’ pragmatism force him to fluctuate between toleration and severe treatment of Catholics?

A

James was forced by events and by pressure from Puritans in Parliament to deviate from his promise in 1603 to show tolerance to Catholics

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34
Q

what did James introduce in May 1603 and 1604 as anti-Catholic measures

A
  • In May 1603 James ordered the collection of recusancy fines
  • In 1604, Parliament encouraged legislation against Jesuits, a Catholic order of religious men
  • In Feb 1604, he brought back recusancy (fines for not attending Church services) persecuting 5,560 Catholics
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35
Q

describe the Gunpowder Plot in November 1605:

A
  • Catholics who viewed James’ actions as renewed persecution against their faith led to them conspiring to kill James and destroy the Houses of Parliament (exposed in Nov 1605)
  • caused renewed anti-Catholic outcry
  • The Plot confirmed the suspicions of most English people that all Catholics were potential traitors.
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36
Q

what did James introduce in 1606 as a result of the Gunpowder Plot?

A

As a result of the 1605 Gunpowder Plot, James introduced the 1606 Oath of Allegiance to force Catholic recusants to declare their allegiance to him and not to the Pope

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37
Q

did the Gunpowder Plot change James’ objective of a middle way?

A
  • Not even the Gunpowder Plot deflected James from his overarching objective
  • In James’ eyes, willingness to take the Oath of Allegiance provided the key test of Catholic moderation
  • believed the recusancy laws should be primarily implemented against those Catholic ‘traitors’ who refused to take the oath
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38
Q

what did Parliament pass in January 1606 and how did James implement it?

A
  • In January 1606 Parliament posed two severe laws against Catholics, but James did not rigorously enforce them
  • James’ lack of administrative drive coincided with his personal inclination towards tolerance and with his desire to not upset Catholic Spain after securing peace in 1604
39
Q

how did James treat Catholics who took the Oath?

A

James proved lenient towards Catholics who took the Oath of Allegiance and tolerated Catholicism, even at Court
- ultimately didn’t want to alienate a small population of Catholics that could lead to another revolt

40
Q

what did a group of moderate Puritans present in 1603?

A

In 1603, a group of moderate Puritans presented their Millenary Petition to James I when he was travelling from Edinburgh to London to claim the English throne

41
Q

what was the Millenary Petition?

A

The petition was a list of requests calling for modifications in church services (e.g. abolition of the sign of the cross), the freedom of ministers to not wear ceremonial robes, education requirements for ministers and reform of ecclesiastical courts
- they also asked for a new, better translation of the Bible into English

42
Q

what was James’ response to the Millenary Petition in 1603?

A
  • James was a firm believer in predestination so was not unsympathetic to some of the Puritan requests
  • In July 1603, he announced that all income from impropriated tithes would in future be devoted to paying better salaries to church ministers
43
Q

Outline the Hampton Court Conference of 1604:

A
  • James invited representatives from across the religious spectrum to a theological debate at Hampton Court in response to the Millenary petition
  • James thrived in intellectual debate and enjoyed the conference
44
Q

what were the consequences of the Hampton Court Conference of 1604?

A
  • James did not want to make any changes to the Church which would give ministers independence, which he felt would undermine his ability to control the Church
  • James made it clear that he classified those who wished to abolish bishops and establish a Presbyterian model along Scottish lines as subversive radicals, a view that he summed up in the maxim, “No bishop, no king!”
45
Q

what was the only permanent achievement of the Hampton Court Conference in 1604?

A

The only permanent achievement of the Hampton Court Conference was the beginning of a new English translation of the Bible known as the King James Bible, which was completed in 1611

46
Q

when were Bancroft’s Canons passed?

A

in September 1604

47
Q

what were the 1604 Bancroft’s Canons?

A
  • New Church laws passed by a convocation of Church of England clergymen and were approved by James
  • the laws upheld many orthodox practices and liturgies of the Church, as well as practices that had been condemned by Puritans in the Millenary Petition (such as insistence on clerical dress, use of the sign of the cross in baptism, and bowing in the name of Jesus)
48
Q

who established Bancroft’s Canons?

A

The new Archbishop of Canterbury, Richard Bancroft, led a drive for conformity
- however, only 1% of ministers (Silenced Brethren) were actually removed from their posts

49
Q

what was the consequences of Bancroft’s Canons?

A
  • the price of these concessions was that the clergy were required to accept the basic framework and institutional structures of the Church of England
  • the 1604 Canons obliged them to sign a statement declaring their acceptance of the Royal Supremacy, the Prayer Book and the Thirty-Nine Articles etc
50
Q

what had the Puritan gentry of Northamptonshire forced James to acknowledge in 1604?

A
  • James was forced to publicly acknowledge the Puritan’s loyalty following a Puritan petition from Northamptonshire
  • He allowed for moderate reform after 1606
51
Q

what was the 1610 Petition of Religion?

A
  • Dissatisfaction had continued after the Hampton Court Conference
  • in 1610 the Commons presented James with a Petition of Religion
  • it criticised James’ attacks on non-conformists and the removal of Puritan ministers (were members of elite society) following the Bancroft’s Canons in 1604
  • critique of James’ formulation of his religious policy
52
Q

overall how were moderate Puritans treated as quoted by Kenneth Fincham and Peter Lake?

A

“moderate Puritans who held misgivings about aspects of the rite and discipline of the Church were accommodated within it since they posed no threat to the stability of church or state”

53
Q

what was the problem with showing tolerance to Puritans?

A
  • showing tolerance towards Puritans allowed division in the Church to continue
  • at the beginning of James’ reign, Puritans were often just random individuals scattered across the country who thought he as at least moving in the right direction with the church
  • however, with growing urban centres, Puritanism began to strengthen
54
Q

how did Separatists amongst Puritans pose the greatest threat?

A
  • separatists amongst Puritans posed the greatest threat to the unity of the via media (middle way)
  • maintained that congregations should be free to worship separately, outside a national church structure
55
Q

what ideas did moderate Puritans support?

A

moderate Puritans supported the idea of a national framework, with the monarch as head of a state church buttressed by bishops

56
Q

what were the limitations of James’ religious policy?

A
  • James did not solve wider rabid anti-Catholicism in England
    -> many felt he was too lenient on Catholics and were fearful of a Catholic resurgence supported by Jesuit priests and foreign powers
  • James alienated Puritan opinion. He did not go far enough with reform of the Church and was beginning to allow Arminianism to become influential
57
Q

how did Puritans feature in Parliament?

A
  • made up 10% of the population of MPs in Parliament
  • cause trouble in 1621 and 1624 Parliaments
  • the Puritans, who driven by fears of popery, presented the most vociferous threat to religious harmony
58
Q

where were Puritans located in England?

A
  • geographically concentrated in economically advanced areas of England
  • east, south, London, mid-westlands
  • Puritans founded capitalism so likely to be involved in trade and wealthy
59
Q

how were relations with Spain by 1604?

A

The 1604 Treaty of London concluded the 19-year Anglo-Spanish war
- Spain renounced their intention to restore Catholicism in England
- England agreed to end disruption to Spanish transatlantic shipping and colonial expansion
- England agreed to end intervention in the Dutch revolt

60
Q

how was the 1604 Treaty of London treated in England?

A

the treaty as unpopular in England with those who felt James had deserted the Netherlands, their old ally, to appease the Spanish
- nevertheless, England and Spain remained at peace until 1625

61
Q

when did the Counter-Reformation begin?

A

the Counter Reformation had begun in the 1540s and would culminate into conflict

62
Q

what were features of the Counter-Reformation?

A
  • diplomatic and military attempts to bring Protestant territories such as England, Holland and Sweden back into the fold
  • the training of Jesuit priests
  • missionary work in new territories in the Americas
  • the Roman Inquisition was responsible for persecuting individuals accused of committing offences relating to heresy, including Protestantism, Judaism, sorcery and witchcraft etc. Also clamped don dangerous ideas of scientists such as Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo Galilei
63
Q

how was the Counter-Reformation militarised in 1618?

A

In 1618, the Counter-Reformation was militarised, and engaged in an exceptionally vicious war against Protestants in Central Europe

64
Q

what did the Thirty Years War reveal?

A

The war revealed the destructive barbarity of 17th century Catholicism to its fullest extent, and encouraged Protestants to sink to the same level as they fought
- estimated that 8 million died in the conflict
- was the final, decisive effort of Europe’s Catholic hierarchy to rollback the Reformation

65
Q

who was Frederick V of the Palatinate?

A

Frederick V of the Palatinate was the husband of James’ daughter, Elizabeth

66
Q

what did Frederick do in the war?

A

Frederick ignored his father-in-law’s advice and accepted the crown offered to him in 1619 by Protestant rebels in Bohemia - this traditionally should have gone to the new Emperor, Ferdinand I

67
Q

who was Ferdinand II

A

Ferdinand II was a member of the Hapsburg dynasty, a devout Catholic and decidedly absolutist monarch

68
Q

how did Ferdinand II set the scene for the war?

A

Ferdinand II set the scene for the war by seeking from 1617 to suppress Protestantism and restore Catholicism across the Holy Roman Empire. Frederick’s acceptance of the Bohemian crown infuriated him

69
Q

when was the Defenestration of Prague?

A

The Defenestration of Prague happened on the 23 May 1618

70
Q

what happened at the Defenestration of Prague?

A
  • Bohemian Protestants entered the palace in Prague and threw the Catholic officials out of the window at Prague Castle
  • marked the beginning of an open revolt in the Bohemian states and the beginning of the Thirty Yeaes’ War
71
Q

what was the significance of the Defenestration of Prague?

A
  • led to increased factionism in Bohemia as people refused to acknowledge Ferdinand
  • the Bohemian issue became a microcosm for the macrocosm of religious disputes
  • Europe became engulfed in the Thirty Years’ War (trigger)
72
Q

how did the Thirty Years’ War destroy James’ hopes of Rex Pacificus?

A
  • the war profoundly upset the alliance system, dragging all of the major European powers
  • it undermined James’ attempts to bring about a Spanish match for his son Charles so couldn’t cement an alliance with most dominant power in Europe
  • it increased the fear of Catholics at home, giving rise to a far-reaching moral panic and the belief that ‘something must be done’
  • anti-Catholic sentiment deepening as a direct product of events in Europe
  • notion of religious harmony through a middle approach becoming almost impossible to achieve -> product of entanglements in Thirty Years War
73
Q

what happened at the Battle of White Mountain in November 1620?

A

Frederick V and the Bohemian rebels were decisively defeated at the Battle of White Mountain in November 1620.
- he and his wife, James’ daughter Elizabeth were forced into exile (the Hague)
- This effectively obliged James to support his son-in-law but at the risk of antagonising the Catholic powers that James wished to maintain good relations with

74
Q

what happened to Puritan opinion during the war?

A

Puritan opinion swung massively towards the idea of entering the war - regardless of the financial and human costs that this might entail (wanted to support Bohemian Protestants)

75
Q

what factors influenced James’ actions during the war?

A
  • james desperately wanted to maintain peace with Spain
  • he was still pursuing a match between Charles and the Infanta Maria
  • He genuinely believed he could bring harmony to Protestants and Catholics
  • He knew that England did not have the money or military resources needed to embark on a large-scale war
  • Spain had access to an influx of gold and silver bullion coming from the New World (bottomless reservoir of resources to use as a basis for accelerating the war effort)
    -> Spanish were far superior to the English
76
Q

what did James do to help his son-in-law but not enter the general war?

A

James sought to restore Frederick to his possessions and the evacuation of Catholic League troops from them by negotiating with SPain

77
Q

what did James negotiate with Spain to help Frederick?

A
  • He continued to propose negotiations for the Spanish match
  • he offered to introduce even more toleration for England’s Catholics
  • In March 1620, he allowed the Bishops to collect voluntary donations from the clergy to a fighting fund
  • in June 1620, he sent a volunteer force of 3,000 volunteer troops to the Lower Palatinate
78
Q

what was the only way negotiations with Spain could succeed?

A

Negotiations with Spain could only succeed if they were backed by a show of force and shows of force cost money

79
Q

When did James call Parliament again?

A
  • Parliament had not been called since 1614
  • in 1621, James asked for £500,000 in order to make military and naval preparations
80
Q

What did Parliament grant James in the first session of 1621?

A

In the first session (Jan-May 1621) Parliament granted him around £150,000 but also made demands

81
Q

what demands did Parliament make in the first session of 1621?

A
  • it demanded that war be declared on Spain
  • it revived an old medieval practice and impeached James’ Lord Chancellor, Francis Bacon on charges of corruption
  • Parliament also impeached Sir Francis Mitchell and Sir Giles Mompesson, both of whom had been granted monopolies over the licensing of inns by the current royal favourite - Buckingham
82
Q

when was the second session of the 1621 Parliament?

A

November 1621- February 1621

83
Q

what happened in the second session of the 1621 Parliament?

A
  • James asked Parliament for £900,000 but was only granted £70,000
  • members of the House of Commons openly attacked the Spanish match and called for a ruthless application of recusancy laws against Catholics
  • James attempted to shut don parliament’s debates with an angry letter on 14 December on the grounds that his royal prerogative was being usurped
84
Q

how did Parliament respond to James’ angry letter in the second session of the 1621 Parliament?

A

Parliament responded by expressing its dismay at James’ attitude in a Protestation recorded in the Journal of the House

85
Q

how did the 1621 Parliament end?

A

Profoundly dissatisfied by this state of affairs, James dissolved Parliament in January 1622

86
Q

what did Parliament demand more involvement in from James?

A
  • Parliament demanded involvement in all civil issues involving the country, King and laws -> “matters of counsel and debate in parliament”
  • wanted greater influence over the direction of policy
  • both the King and Parliament believed they have the birthright to control the multifacence of government
87
Q

what was James’ response to Parliament demanding greater involvement in government?

A
  • He ripped the offending pages from the Journal of the House in the presence of members of the Privy Council, senior judges and Count Gondomar, who recorded that it was ‘invalid, annulled void and of no effect’
  • James repeatedly reasoned behind dismissal of the 1610 Parliament using his divine right
  • Encouraged the view that he was out to install an absolutist despotism in England
88
Q

Who controlled the Privy Council during the Thirty Years’ War?

A

At this time, the Privy Council was under the control of Buckingham, who had been involved in the negotiations for the Spanish match (unsuccessfully)

89
Q

What happened on Buckingham’s visit to Madrid?

A

Following a visit to Madrid, it dawned upon Buckingham that the Spanish were bluffing so him and Charles swung around a pro-war position - regardless of the fact that no army existed and that the navy was in no fit state to undertake operations

90
Q

how was the 1624 Parliament?

A

When a new Parliament met in 1624, (Feb 1624 - March 1625) it was just as ill-informed and just as enthusiastic for war - it voted £300,000 (nearly half of what James asked for )

91
Q

How was the Thirty Years’ War regarded?

A
  • the war that followed was a disaster - as was a second, utterly pointless war with France
  • when Buckingham was knifed to death in the street by a disgruntled soldier in August 1628, the crowds of London celebrated his death as if it were a victory
92
Q

what did Richard Montagu publish in 1624 and what was its effect?

A
  • in 1624, Richard Montagu published a pamphlet entitled ‘A New Gag for an Old Goose’
  • he condemned predestination and played down the doctrinal differences between the Churches of England and Rome
  • caused a bitter outcry and some members of the Commons denounced Montagu as a papist and demanded his impeachment
93
Q

what was James’ response to demands for Montagu’s impeachment?

A

James retorted that ‘if this is to be a papist, so am I a papist’
- the Commons backed off and referred the matter to Archbishop Abbot

94
Q

what events help determine whether James had been successful in religious policy?

A
  • 1603: Millenary Petition
  • 1604: Recusancy laws re-introduced and Hampton Court Conference
  • 1606: Oath of Allegiance and Bancroft’a Canons
  • 1610: Petition of Religion
  • 1611: King James Bible published. Abbott becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
  • 1618: Outbreak of Thirty Years’ War

A level History: Stuart Britain (11 decks)

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