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A level History: Stuart Britain > Charles I: Personal Rule -> extent of opposition to the Personal Rule in Scotland, Ireland and England > Flashcards

Charles I: Personal Rule -> extent of opposition to the Personal Rule in Scotland, Ireland and England Flashcards

1
Q

What evidence of opposition in finance was there by 1637?

A
  • Impositions and fiscal feudalism was bound to cause general unease, especially among the gentry
  • reaction to the Hampden Case (1637)
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2
Q

What evidence is there of opposition in religion by 1637?

A
  • (Re-) imposition of the Book of Sports (1633) led to objections from Puritans (and others)
  • Laud’s Arminian reforms and the repositioning of the alter (St Gregory’s Case, 1633)
  • The Puritan gentry turned against the King after the case of Burton, Prynne and Bastwick (1637)
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3
Q

What evidence is there of opposition in administration by 1637?

A
  • Arbitrary powers of the Court of Star Chamber (presided over by Laud)
  • Wentworth’s efficiency of ‘Thorough’ alienated many in Ireland
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4
Q

Why was opposition growing to the personal rule by 1637?

A

Combined together, finance, religion and administration led to a fear of creeping absolutism
- any criticism of the King could be punished severely in prerogative courts

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5
Q

What are some reasons why England has a history of tension with Sctoland?

A
  • The Protestant Reformation had gone much further in Scotland than England - the Kirk was radically Calvinist (Presbyterian)
  • Many Scots did not like the English - viewed as invaders and ‘oppressors’
  • Charles only crowned King of Scotland in 1633 when he visited Edinburgh for the first time
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6
Q

What was the state of the Scottish army?

A

Many Scottish landlords maintained private armies

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7
Q

How were Scottish armies experienced?

A

They had been mobilised for the Protestant cause in the Thirty Years’ War

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8
Q

What was the reputation of the Scottish army?

A

Reputation for being tough warriors and good fighters, potentially dangerous for Charles

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9
Q

How was the English military unprepared since the 1490s?

A

Since the 1490s, England had become an essentially demilitarised nation - gentry abandoned waging war in favour of commercial pursuits

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10
Q

Where was the focus of English militarism?

A

At sea, not on land

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11
Q

What was the reputation of the English army?

A

Any local ‘mustering’ or training had been largely very amateurish and ineffective as the gentry ignored impositions regarding training of local militias

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12
Q

When was the Act of Revocation passed?

A

1625

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13
Q

What was the Act of Revocation?

A

A prerogative act passed by King Charles that reclaimed royal and church property that had been given away since 1540

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14
Q

What land did the Act of Revocation take?

A

Land from the Scottish elite (revoking all gifts by the Crown and the Kirk since 1540) to try to acquire their tithes in order to provide funding for the Scottish church

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15
Q

How did the Scottish react to the Act of Revocation?

A
  • united sections of the Scottish nobility against Charles because it was done without reference to the Scottish Privy Council
  • annoyed the clergy because the financial benefits they received were not equivalent for the increased control which the Act gave the Crown over the Church
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16
Q

Why did Charles want to impose religious conformity in Scotland?

A

Following his visit to Edinburgh in 1633, he was appalled by the Presbyterian’s lack of ceremony and he unscripted prayers

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17
Q

What did Charles impose in July 1637?

A

A new Book of Common prayer by Proclamation and did not consult the Scottish Privy Council, parliament or the Kirk

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18
Q

What angered some Scottish bishops in July 1637?

A

When they read the new Laudian prayer book in the pulpit
- when it was read for the first time in St Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh, an organised protest became a full blown riot

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19
Q

How did Charles respond to bishops trying to persuade him to modify the prayer book?

A

Charles rebuked this and issued a new set of ecclesiastical canons in 1635 which required the Scottish clergy to swear to enforce the new liturgy before it was even published

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20
Q

How did the lowland Scots accept some reform to the Church of Scotland?

A

They accepted the reintroduction of bishops

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21
Q

Why did Charles reintroduce bishops into the Church of Scotland?

A

To entrench hierarchy in the Church which would enhance royal power

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22
Q

How did Scotland view the promotion of Arminianism?

A

A threat to the ‘true’ religion and the work of ‘Popery’ and the devil

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23
Q

What happenedin the riot at St Giles Cathedral on 23 July 1637?

A
  • Dean Hannah tried to read the service from the new liturgy
  • Jenny Geddes threw her stool at the Dean
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24
Q

Who was the cause of the Scottish Revolution and why?

A

Charles as he cut himself off from influential Scottish opinion and ignored the growing discontent

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25
Q

What alienated the Scots?

A

Charles’ imposition of religious uniformity, especially with the role of bishops because Scotland was a predominantly Presbyterian population who regarded bishops with suspicion

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26
Q

What was the Political reaction to the Book of Common Prayer in Scotland?

A
  • An emergency body known as ‘The Tables’ was formed to organise opposition
  • Feb 1638: They drew up the National Covenant at Greyfriars Kirk in Edinburgh
  • Nov 1638: the General Assembly of the Kirk abolished Scotland’s bishops completely, depriving the King of his ability to influence the Scottish Kirk
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27
Q

Why was the prayer book rebellion in 1637 a turning point for Charles’ gov?

A
  • Charles encountered opposition in all three kingdoms
  • the defiance of the Scots set in motion a train of events that led to defeat in the Bishops’ Wars and ultimately, the outbreak of civil war
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28
Q

When was the National Covenant formulated?

A

In February 1638

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29
Q

What was the National Covenant?

A
  • Written mainly by Presbyterian radicals Archibald Johnston of Wariston and Alexander Henderson
  • it was a manifesto to unite those against Charles’ religious policy and to maintain Presbyterianism as the main Scottish religion
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30
Q

What did the National Covenant contain?

A
  • The Confession of Faith of 1580 (affirmation of Calvinist faith)
  • The ‘Negative Confession’ of 1581 (condemnation of Catholicism and the Papacy which had become the test for public office)
  • Condemnation of the 1635 ecclesiastical canons and the 1637 Prayer Book
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31
Q

What did Laud advise the King to do?

A

To “risk everything rather than yield a jot”

32
Q

How did Charles respond to the Scottish Covenant?

A

He reasoned that the Covenanters would be defeated because to rebel against one’s sovereign was criminal

33
Q

Who did Charles send to negotiate with the Covenanters?

A

His most trusted Scottish advisor, the Marquess of Hamilton to buy time for Charles to prepare to crush them

34
Q

What did Charles say in June 1638 about the Convenanters?

A

“I will rather die than yield to these impertinent and damnable demands… I intend not to yield to the demands of those traitors the Covenanters”

35
Q

What was the significance of ‘underlying tensions’ to the Personal Rule?

A

It revealed the extent of religious opposition to Laud and Charles and showed how religion was the issue that truly radicalised people

36
Q

How did Charles fund an army to face the Scots Covenanters who rebelled against the imposition of the Laudian prayer book?

A

By using legal confirmation of his right to collect ship money which brought English opposition to ship money into the open

37
Q

When did the Scottish Rebellion turn into armed conflict?

A

In 1639-40, known as the Bishops’ Wars

38
Q

How many soldiers did Charles raise for the first Bishops’ War in June 1639?

A

Charles gathered a poorly trained English force of around 20,000 men and marched to the vicinity of Berwick-upon-Tweed and on the English side of the border

39
Q

Why were the Scottish army ready to face Charles?

A

As Charles’ army was not ready until April 1639 as he was facing problems collecting ship money, the Scots had become even more ready to face the King’s soldiers

40
Q

Why was the English army weaker than the Scottish army?

A

The English army relied on traditional ways of using regional members of the nobility and inexperienced, untrained soldiers with low morale, pursuing commercial interests over their military endeavours

41
Q

What were the consequences of the First Bishops’ War?

A
  • Charles failed to mobilise public opinion
  • The English army were in no state to take on Scotland
  • He did not have the full support of his own nobility
42
Q

What did Charles negotiate in June 1639?

A

The Truce of Berwick after announcing that he would not invade Scotland

43
Q

What did the Treaty of Berwick involve?

A
  • Both sides agreed to disband their armies
  • The King agreed to a Scottish General Assembly and Parliament
44
Q

Why was the treaty of Berwick ineffective?

A

It merely put off the inevitable - another clash was bound to happen, and the next time it would be more serious

45
Q

When was Sir Thomas Wentworth recalled to England?

A

In September 1639

46
Q

What did Wentworth do in England?

A

Advised Charles to recall Parliament in order to sustain a successful war effort from Parliament for finances

47
Q

How did Wentworth believe Charles could win over Parliament?

A
  • A combination of bribery, threats and skilful speeches
  • Anti-Scottish patriotism to persuade MPs to vote subsidies for the war
48
Q

What was called in April-May 1640?

A

The ‘Short Parliament’ which lasted 28 days

49
Q

What did Charles demand in the Short Parliament?

A

Charles demanded money to defend the kingdom from a crisis that he had created before he would consider any grievances

50
Q

Why did Parliament refuse to grant supply to Charles?

A

Unless he agreed to make concessions and redressed grievances on a range of issues

51
Q

Who led the House of Commons in the Short Parliament?

A

John Pym and John Hampden who were determined to address the tyranny of the Personal Rule

52
Q

Who was John Pym?

A

A dogmatic Puritan who published tracts and pamphlets objecting Laudian reforms as ‘popery’

53
Q

What was the significance of the failure of the Short Parliament?

A

Opposition began to emerge

54
Q

How did Pym demonstrate opposition?

A

He gave a long public speech on 17 April expressing the refusal of the House of Commons to vote subsidies until royal abuses were addressed

55
Q

How did Hampden demonstrate opposition?

A

Was more persuasive in private, sitting on nine committees to critique different aspects of the personal rule

56
Q

What did key figures demand both in the Commons and the Lords?

A

Limits to the King’s powers and redress of grievances (especially with regard to Laudianism), picking up the debate where it had been left in 1629 with the Three Resolutions (redundant after PR), condemning Arminianism

57
Q

Evidence of what alliance had emerged in the Short parliament?

A

There was much evidence of collusion between Puritans and Covenanters as the reformation had gone further in Scotland, making some in parliament have a natural affiliation with the Covenanter’s demands

58
Q

What rules had the Short Parliament established for future dealings with Parliament?

A

There was to be no granting of supply until grievances had been dealt with, and no interference with Parliamentary business by the Lords and the King

59
Q

What three broad policy aims had emerged amongst the Parliamentary opposition?

A
  • they wanted to assert the rights of Parliament and obtain redress for past grievances
  • they wanted to dismantle all of Laud’s religious reforms
  • they wanted Parliament to obtain control over taxation and abolish fiscal feudalism
60
Q

Who else could be to blame for the failure of the Short Parliament?

A

Key figures like Pym and Lord Saye and Sele were in league with the Scottish Covenanters
- increasingly fierce, audacious opposition in parliament

61
Q

What did Barry Coward state about the crisis of the Short Parliament?

A

“By 1640 the old constitution was still in tact. Nor was it inevitable that it would break down as it did in 1641 and 1642. The causes of this lay largely in events which took place after, not before 1640”

62
Q

When was the Second Bishops’ War?

A

June 1640

63
Q

What happened in the Second Bishops’ War?

A

The Scots crossed the border on 20 August 1640 and after a minor skirmish at Newburn, occupied Newcastle - cutting off London from its coal supplies

64
Q

What did Chaarles foolishly decide to do after the failure of the Short parliament?

A

To go alone and take on the Scots - a disaster

65
Q

What Treaty was signed following the Second Bishops’ War?

A

The Treaty of Ripon in October 1640

66
Q

What were the conditions of the treaty of Ripon?

A
  • The Scots would continue to occupy Newcastle until a settlement was reached
  • Charles was to pay the Scots £850 a day until a settlement was reached
  • Further negotiations would be postponed until an English Parliament met
67
Q

Why were the conditions of the Ripon treaty enforced?

A
  • to give parliament the advantage as there were many parliamentarians sympathetic towards the Scots
  • they also opposed many of the religious impositions and wanted Charles to be brought to account e.g. ship money -> erodes Charles’ ability to sustain his war effort, forced to negotiate with the Scots
68
Q

What was Charles forced to call elections for?

A

The Long Parliament which sat from November 1640

69
Q

What happened in the 1640 session of the Scottish parliament?

A

Assembled without the King’s assent and carried out a constitutional revolution

70
Q

What did the Scottish parliament impose?

A
  • an act that removed bishops from parliament
  • it also prohibited officers of state from sitting in parliament
71
Q

What other act (three) did the Scottish Parliament pass in November 1640?

A

A Triennial Act requiring that parliament meet at least once every three years, thus marking the end of personal rule

72
Q

Who was forbidden from sitting in parliament?

A

Foreigners - removing a recent abuse by which Englishman with Scottish peerages might provide the crown with proxy votes

73
Q

What did the Scottish 1640 Parliament institute?

A

The committee of states to govern in the intervals between parliamentary sessions - a change which ensured that until 1651 the privy council lost any control over the daily conduct of government, the regular business of foreign policy and the conduct of war

74
Q

How have some Scottish nationalists portrayed the Covenanters?

A

As an early revolutionary movement
- regarded as freedom fighters who bravely opposed attempts by the English crown to destroy the Scottish religion, culture and identity

75
Q

How was Charles defeated?

A

In his attempt to dictate the religion of his subjects - Scots adamantly believed that being Episcopalian wasn’t good enough and to be Catholic was unforgivable

76
Q

Who were the Covenanters inspired by to create?

A

Inspired by the theocratic spirit, the bigoted creed of the Covenanters sought to create a fundamentalist Scotland
- tried to turn Scotland into an intolerant theocratic state, with its communities controlled by the church

A level History: Stuart Britain (15 decks)

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