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A level History: Stuart Britain > Charles I: Personal Rule -> extent of Personal Rule in Scotland + Ireland + England > Flashcards

Charles I: Personal Rule -> extent of Personal Rule in Scotland + Ireland + England Flashcards

1
Q

What was Ireland’s historical attitude towards England?

A
  • Filled with simmering resentment toward England
  • Signified by the Nine Years’ War of 1593-1603 -> culminating form of resistance to English rule
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2
Q

What 3 distinct groups were living in Ireland by the 1630s?

A
  • The Irish, who were Catholic
  • The ‘old English’ who were Catholic
  • The ‘new English’, who were Protestant settlers
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3
Q

What nickname was given to Thomas Wentworth?

A

‘Black Tom Tyrant’

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4
Q

Who was ‘Black Tom Tyrant’ ?

A

A political opportunist who rose following Buckingham’s death

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5
Q

What had Wentworth previously done in 1627 and 1628?

A
  • 1627: refused to pay the forced loan
  • 1628: played a key role in drafting the Petition of Right
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6
Q

What had changed in 1628 for Wentworth?

A

He abandoned the opposition and was termed the ‘Grand Apostate’ by Parliamentarians and was well rewarded for it by Charles

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7
Q

What titles did Wentworth receive from Charles?

A
  • 1628: created Baron Wentworth
  • 1632: made first Lord Deputy of Ireland
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8
Q

What did Wentworth’s rise indicate?

A

His political trajectory was a consequence of the opening of political power by Buckingham’s death

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9
Q

What was ‘Thorough’ an attempt to?

A

Thorough was an attempt to increase royal authority through imposing religious conformity and using prerogative courts

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10
Q

What did ‘Thorough’mean for Ireland?

A

It meant making a profit out of Ireland for the English crown, and controlling the parliament in the irish capital, Dublin

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11
Q

Who managed the administration of Church and State in Ireland?

A

Wentworth and Laud
- Wentworth’s ‘Thorough’ in Ireland came to be especially feared in England

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12
Q

Why did English observers fear Wentworth’s ‘Thorough’ rule in Ireland?

A
  • They regarded Wentworth’s rule in Ireland as a testing ground for policies in England
  • regarded by many in Parliament as the man with the potential to build for Charles a properly absolutist regime
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13
Q

How did Wentworth administer his policy in Ireland?

A

Systematically applied his policy in Ireland by dominating the main power groups by clever manipulation of the Irish parliament
- Thomas Wentworth at the heart of absolutism

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14
Q

What examples are there of Wentworth systematically applying his policy in Ireland?

A
  • In collaboration with the Earl of Ormond, he built up an Irish army for the King’s use
  • schemes were introduced to develop trade and industry of every kind
    -> e.g. trade with Spain + promoting of linen manufacture
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15
Q

What financial reforms were enforced to increase Ireland’s revenue?

A
  • The Irish Parliament granted a total of 10 subsidies
  • a new Book of Rates was issued which caused customs duties to rise from £25,000 in 1633-34 to £57,000 in 1637-38
  • all revenue went directly to the English government
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16
Q

Which court in Ireland did Wentworth confirm from Charles had power to hear suits between private parties?

A

The Court of Castle Chamber

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17
Q

What was Wentworth’s apparant aim with the Court in Ireland?

A

To encourage ordinary citizens to complain about abuses of authority by the rich and powerful

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18
Q

What was the Court of Castle Chamber used as?

A

An instrument for reinforcing and extending English power over Parliament inviting tyranny and therefore opposition

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19
Q

What example is there of opposition against Wentworth’s ‘tyranny’?

A

Some cases where Wentowrth was alleged by his enemies to have acted in a tyranical manner were heard by the full Privy Council, whereas others were heard in private sessions in his own rooms

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20
Q

What example shows Wentworth making full use of his powers against all those men whom he regarded as the King’s opponents?

A

Sir Piers Crosby and Lord Esmonde were convicted of libelling Wentworth by alleging that he had caused the death of a relative of Esmonde by ill-treatment

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21
Q

What did this signify?

A
  • No one was safe on Ireland and all subject to Wentworth’s scrutiny
  • he was willing to impose his control
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22
Q

What Laudian reforms did Wentworth introduce into the Church of Ireland?

A
  • He imposed the Thirty Nine Articles of religion
  • He established an Irish High Court of Commission to deal with clergy who refused to obey the new directives
23
Q

What did Wentworth refuse to honour?

A

He refused to honour ‘The Graces’ which were concessions previously offered to the Irish which had included a relaxation of recusancy fines and guarantees of land tenue

24
Q

What policy of Catholic Irish mistreatment did Wentworth continue and extend?

A
  • The policy of expelling the native Catholic Irish population from their lands, and giving those lands to the new Presbyterian settlers, was continued and extended
  • He planned the full-scale Protestant settling of the provinces of Connacht and Leinster by disputing Irish land titles and confiscating lands wherever possible to make way for the new settlers
25
Q

What did Wentworth’s imposition of religious conformity signify?

A
  • He was submitting the Irish country to every tenant of the British system who already had a deep-rooted resentment
  • He was extending uniformity and the nature of political model imposed on ireland
26
Q

Why was Wentworth eager to impose religious conformity in Ireland?

A
  • Complete consistency makes it easier to control people
  • common theme of uniformity in finances and religion
27
Q

What promise of Charles’ did Wentworth ignore in 1635 that angered Catholic landholders?

A

Wentworth ignored Charles’ promise that no colonists would be awarded land, to the detriment of Catholic landholders, in Connaught

28
Q

What title did Wentworth take in 1635?

A

In 1635 he raked up an obsolete title - the grant in the 14th century of Connaught to Lionel of Antwerp, whose heir Charles was - and insisted upon the grand juries finding verdicts for the king

29
Q

What were the main causes of tension between the English Crown and the Irish?

A
  • imperialistic imposition of English culture and tradition
  • Religious reforms - aligning it closer to the Crown
  • Financial reforms
  • Authority and how far royal power stretched (Laudian ideas too)
30
Q

Who were the ‘Old English’ ?

A

Descended from medieval English settlers this Catholic group had formed the elite of irish society for 200 years

31
Q

How did the ‘Old English’ feel towards Wentworth’s policies?

A

They hated Wentworth’s policies of settling English and Scottish Protestants (known as plantation) on land that once belonged to them

32
Q

What agreement had leading Old English landowners made with Charles?

A

The Graces

33
Q

What were The Graces?

A

In return for a fixed sum, Charles promised not to interfere with certain lands

34
Q

How did Wentworth only uphold part of The Graces?

A

He did not uphold claims to land that conflicted with the Crown’s interests
- united the Old English in hated to Wentworth

35
Q

Who were the ‘New English’?

A

More recent Protestant settlers

36
Q

What were the ‘New English’ attitudes to Laudianism and Arminianism?

A
  • resisted the High Church Arminianism associated with Charles and Laud
  • had predisposition against encroachment of the High Church + Arminianism
37
Q

How had the New English acquired their vast wealth?

A

In their role as customs agents for the King and through corruption

38
Q

Who were two of the most influential members of the New English group?

A

Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork and Francis Annesley, Lord Mountnorris who were prosecuted in the courts by Wentowrth

39
Q

What was the aim of Wentworth’s policies in Ireland?

A

Not the prosperity of the irish but the benefit to the English exchequer (gov revenue)

40
Q

What trade did Wentworth supress?

A

He suppressed trade in cloth ‘lest it should…prejudice that staple commodity of England’

41
Q

What was Castle Chamber accused of?

A

Of brutal and arbitrary proceedings

42
Q

What large-scale confiscations did Wentworth plan?

A

Wentworth planned large-scale confiscations of Catholic-owned land, both to raise money for the crown and to break the political power of the Irish Catholic gentry

43
Q

What could Wentworth’s actions be viewed as?

A

A textbook study in absolutism because it increased the power of the English crown in multiple ways

44
Q

Why was Wentworth’s absolutist ways worrying for the English political nation?

A

The fact that Strafford had created a predominantly Catholic army which could be utilised in England
- proved when Parliament attacked the personal Rule in 1640 its first target was the newly titled Earl of Strafford

45
Q

Who/What were the main issues for Strafford?

A
  • Old English
  • New English
  • Native irish
  • Scots
  • Anglicans
  • Catholics
  • Presbyterians
  • Puritans
  • Threat of rebellion
  • English supremacy
46
Q

Who was the cause of the Scottish Revolution and why?

A

Charles as he cut himself off from influential Scottish opinion and ignored the growing discontent

47
Q

What alienated the Scots?

A

Charles’ imposition of religious uniformity, especially with the role of bishops because Scotland was a predominantly Presbyterian population who regarded bishops with suspicion

48
Q

What angered some Scottish bishops in July 1637?

A

When they read the new Laudian prayer book in the pulpit
- when it was read for the first time in St Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh, an organised protest became a full blown riot

49
Q

When was the National Covenant formulated?

A

In February 1638

50
Q

What was the National Covenant?

A
  • Written mainly by Presbyterian radicals Archibald Johnston of Wariston and Alexander Henderson
  • it was a manifesto to unite those against Charles’ religious policy and to maintain Presbyterianism as the main Scottish religion
51
Q

How did Charles fund an army to face the Scots Covenanters who rebelled against the imposition of the Laudian prayer book?

A

By using legal confirmation of his right to collect ship money which brought English opposition to ship money into the open

52
Q

Why was the prayer book rebellion in 1637 a turning point for Charles’ gov?

A
  • Charles encountered opposition in all three kingdoms
  • the defiance of the Scots set in motion a train of events that led to defeat in the Bishops’ Wars and ultimately, the outbreak of civil war
53
Q

When did the Scottish Rebellion turn into armed conflict?

A

In 1639-40, known as the Bishops’ Wars

A level History: Stuart Britain (13 decks)

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