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A level History: Stuart Britain > Charles I: Divisions over religion -> Arminianism and Laudianism > Flashcards

Charles I: Divisions over religion -> Arminianism and Laudianism Flashcards

1
Q

What religion made up the majority of the political nation?

A

Conservative Calvinists, Anglican in religion

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2
Q

Were the political nation tolerate of other denominations?

A

They were at the centre of the Jacobean balance so were able to tolerate both moderate Puritanism and Arminianism

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3
Q

What ultimately triggered Britain’s wars of religion?

A

Ultimately, it was Charles’ favouring of Arminianism, and specifically Laudianism, in the 1630s that triggered Britain’s wars of religion by forcing a reaction from the Puritans and over time, alienating the moderate Calvinist majority

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4
Q

What was Charles’ personality and approach to ruling?

A
  • Charles could not stand ambiguities unlike James
  • Charles’ rule was active - in all areas of the state; esp from 1629
  • Followed that he would attempt to strengthen the unity between church and state
  • believed its unity was under threat from the ‘hotter sort of Protestants’ and responded aggressively
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5
Q

Who do ‘Laudians’ refer to?

A

anti-Calvinist Arminians

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6
Q

What were the 3 overall aims of Laudianism?

A
  • Rejection of predestination: Laud and Arminians believed in the chance of salvation through faith rather than God predestining whether you’re saved or not
    -> vehicle for people to be granted power, giving Laud more power
  • Less emphasis on the Bible and preaching and more emphasis on ritual and ceremony
  • Uniformity: to bind the kingdoms and country together through the uniformity of the Church with themes of order, obedience and authority
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7
Q

What was the most visible sign of Charles’ favour to Arminianism?

A

The rise of Arminians’ most forthright, dogmatic ideologue, William Laud

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8
Q

Who was Laud?

A

Laud was connected with Buckingham from 1623 and was his chief religious adviser by the time of James’ death in 1625

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9
Q

What role did Laud play in the forced loan?

A

Laud and Arminians played a key role in justifying Charles’ forced loan of 1627 by referring to Charles’ divine right to rule as he saw fit and the duty of the subjects to accede to their monarch’s requests

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10
Q

What did Laud do as he became Archbishop?

A

Goes on a rampage to remove any last remnant of Puritanism through brutal means, wanting to prop up the King’s power which moved Charles

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11
Q

What did Charles’ support of Laud demonstrate?

A

Charles’ support given to Laud, esp when combined with his lack of enthusiasm for penal laws against Catholics convinced many people that Charles both wanted to move the Church of England closer to Catholicism

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12
Q

When did Laud become a privy councillor?

A

In 1627, following the York House Conference (February 1626)

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13
Q

When did Laud become Bishop of London and chancellor of the University of Oxford?

A

1628

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14
Q

When did Laud become Archbishop of Canterbury?

A

In 1633

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15
Q

How did Laud enforce his ideas when he became Archbishop?

A

Laud at once set about enforcing his ideas on conduct of worship in the diocese of London, and as member of the Star Chamber, had begun to persecute Puritan ideas, and worked to ensure that they were not published

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16
Q

What was the reality of Charles’ religious policy?

A
  • Charles’ religious changes would not unite people -> created division
  • Eager to overturn the Elizabethan compromise
  • By the late 1630s, divisions were rife
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17
Q

What did Charles comment in 1638?

A

‘People are governed by the puplit more than the sword’

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18
Q

Which phrase describes the most notable aspect of Laudian influence on the appearance of Churches

A

‘the beauty of holiness’

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19
Q

How did Laud impact the Communion table?

A

Communion table moved and railed off as an alter in the east end of the Church
- giving more power to the priest and promoting division

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20
Q

How did rituals between Laudians and Puritans differ?

A

Laudians focused on ritual, ceremony and the ‘other worldliness’ of the service and the church while Puritans placed the church service in amongst the people, emphasising the participation of people rather than the priest

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21
Q

How did D Cressy in Travesties and Transgressions in Tudor England (2000) describe Charles’ approach to enforcing Laudianism?

A

‘Charles I’s reign proved yet again that one man’s godly devotion could be another’s blasphemous transgression’

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22
Q

Where did opposition from moderate Anglicans actually stem from?

A
  • Laud and Charles’ insistence of uniformity in the style of worship
  • Their preparation to enforce their changes
  • the reforms that were accompanied by an aggressive assertion of the authority and the status of the clergy
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23
Q

How did Puritans oppose Laudianism?

A

Opposed how Laud’s ideas aligned with Catholicism i.e. the distance between parishes and clergy which were Catholic customs and seen as deepening and entrenching clergy power

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24
Q

How did Laud exercise total control of the church?

A

Placed his ally Bishop William Juxon in the treasurership and was the principal link with Sir Thomas Wentworth in Ireland
- replaced Buckingham in power not favouritism

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25
Q

How was emphasising the role of the clergy received?

A

Looked too Catholic when combined with re-introducing ostentation and ceremony

26
Q

How were Laudian measures enforced?

A

Through visitations and the ecclesiastical courts

27
Q

What was imposed when enforcing Laudianism?

A

Visitations that focused on inspecting the physical aspects of the churches and the performance of the minister demonstrated ‘thorough’ being imposed and centrally organised
- led to growing anxiety about the nature of Charles’ rule in the periphery

28
Q

What did Laud and Charles reissue in 1633?

A

The Book of Sports

29
Q

What did the Book of Sports outline?

A

It outlined what sports people could do after the Sunday service possibly in response to Puritan demands to keep the Sabbath for prayer and worship

30
Q

What did Laud ultimately aim to do?

A

To protect the kingdom from the polluting tide of Puritanism and to strengthen the relationship between the church and the state

31
Q

How was Laud’s role as a highly influential political power broker received?

A

This looked rather Catholic to many as it mirrored the situation in Spain and France, where secular roles were regularly taken by appointed Bishops

32
Q

What did the extent of Laud’s influence increase?

A

The extent of Laud’s influence therefore significantly increased fears that Charles was intending to install a continental-style absolutism in England

33
Q

How did Puritans respond to the Book of Sports?

A

Puritans regarded the Book of Sports as a direct attack on Sabbatarianism
- in their eyes Sunday was for worship and prayer, not for entertainment and ribald activities
- saw it as a direct attack on the Puritans control of local areas
-the book about religious conformity so an intensely political act

34
Q

What was St Gregory’s case?

A

When parishioners of St Gregory’s Church in London challenged the moving of their communion table to the east end of the church

35
Q

How did Patrick Collinson condemn Laud?

A

“the greatest calamity ever visited upon the English Church”

36
Q

What behaviours of Laud were contemptible?

A
  • Laud was willing to trample on anyone who got in his way
  • He would brook no opposition nor shrink from any challenge
  • He hauled people who opposed him before the Star Chamber and the Court of High Commission and punished them severely
  • he was totally ruthless
37
Q

Which 3 well-respected Puritans were brought before the Star Chamber in 1637?

A

Bastwick, Burton and Prynne

38
Q

Why had these 3 been brought before the Star Chamber in 1637?

A

They had been critical of Church policy and found guilty of criticising Laud’s measures
- fined ÂŁ5000 and imprisoned for life

39
Q

How did people react to their fines and imprisonment?

A
  • the vile treatment they received at the hands of the state earned the three men sympathy
  • this treatment of respectable professional men turned many people against the king
40
Q

When did radical Protestants grow in number and influence?

A

In the upheavals of the 1640s

41
Q

What ideas did these radical Protestants develop?

A
  • Ideas about how society should be organised and even viewed Charles as the anti-Christ - trying to establish Satan’s rule on earth
  • rejected uniformity
  • became a political act as in rejecting religious conformity they also reject Charles
42
Q

What was partly the reason for Charles’ support for Arminianism?

A

Due to his fear of Puritanism, its seeming threat to order and unity in the Church as well as in his monarchy

43
Q

What was passed in 1640 to codify Laud’s measures?

A

Canon laws were passed in 1640 to codify Laud’s measures

44
Q

What evidence is there of Puritan opposition to Charles’ personal rule in 1633?

A

St Gregory’s case in 1633

45
Q

What happened to John Williams?

A

John Williams was imprisoned in 1637 due to his published criticism of the alter policy in the ‘Holy Table, Name and Thing’
- Williams suggested the word ‘alter’ was regarded as Catholic

46
Q

How did Charles’ policies and style of rule alienate the Scottish?

A

The Scottish population was mostly Presbyterian in faith

47
Q

How did the Scottish respond to the imposition of Laudianism?

A

Their form of Puritanism meant that Charles’ imposition of Laudianism was even more infuriating

48
Q

How did Charles and Laud feel towards the Scottish kirk?

A

Charles and Laud had long resented the independence of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland

49
Q

What did they want to do to the Scottish Church?

A

Charles and Laud wanted to align the Scottish church with the Laudian Church of England and reform its practices and prayer book

50
Q

When was the Act of Revocation passed?

A

1625

51
Q

What was the Act of Revocation?

A

Charles exploited a feudal right to take land from the Scottish elite to support the Church in Scotland, setting the tone for Charles’ approach to Scotland

52
Q

What was the immediate outcome of the Revocation?

A

It united the landowners against Charles, as he posed a great threat to their power

53
Q

When did Charles visit Scotland?

A

1633

54
Q

What did Charles do in Scotland?

A

Went to be crowned as king of Scotland

55
Q

What impression did Charles make in Scotland?

A
  • not a positive one
  • The fact that it had taken him eight years to visit Scotland sent a clear sign to Scots of his priorities
56
Q

What did Charles announce his intention to do in 1633?

A

In 1633, Charles announced his intention to introduce a new prayer book which would eventually lead to rebellion in Scotland and the start of the British civil wars

57
Q

What did Charles impose on Scotland in 1636?

A

In 1636, Charles imposed new canons based on the Articles of Perth

58
Q

What did the 1636 Canons include?

A
  • The alter had too be placed against the east wall of the chancel
  • ministers had to wear a surplice when they celebrated communion
  • improvised prayer was banned; ministers had to read from the new prayer book
59
Q

How were the 1636 Canons interpreted in Scotland?

A

As an attempt to return to Catholicism, made worse by these reforms being imposed under the royal prerogative

60
Q

What prayer book was introduced into Scotland in 1637?

A

The new Laudian prayer book was introduced into Scotland in 1637

61
Q

How did the Scots respond to the 1637 prayer book?

A

They were antagonised by the fact that it was imposed with no consultation with the Scottish Kirk or Parliament and how it leaned clearly towards Catholicism, threatening their religious independence

62
Q

What did the new Laudian 1637 prayer book ultimately trigger?

A

A conflict in St Giles Cathedral which started the Scottish Rebellion and thus the British Civil Wars lasting from 1637 to 1660

A level History: Stuart Britain (13 decks)

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