ISO CHP 5 Flashcards
Wood and heavy timber beams were often ___ so that a fire damaged, sagging floor would slide out of gravity wall pocket to preserve the wall. Pg 66
Fire Cut
___is perhaps the most common construction type
Wood Frame
___ includes buildings in which the load-bearing walls are noncombustible (masonry) and the roof and floor assemblies are wood
Ordinary Construction (Type III)
___ construction, structural elements do not qualify for Type I construction and are of an approved non combustible or limited-combustible material with sufficient fire-resistive rating to withstand the effects of fire and prevent it spread from story to story
Noncombustible Construction (Type II)
____the structural elements are an approved noncombustible or limited material with sufficient fire-resistive rating withstand the effects of fire and prevent spread from story to story
Fire Resistance
Gypsum wall board: when exposed to heat of a fire, the water is sacrificed (called____) thus protecting the wood frame.
Calcination
Most test give a horizontal, 5/8 inch thick drywall assembly ___ minute rating
30
The two most common corrective measures that use external wall spreaders are____
tie rods and joist/ rafter tie plates.
T or F: The lightweight building may be stronger than its predecessors for carrying live and dead loads—under normal conditions
True
To predict collapse, the ISO uses a classic __________method.
identify–analyze–decide
We can take that three-part method and apply it using a five-step process:
Step 1. Classify the building’s construction using the type/ era/ use/ size approach.
■ Step 2. Determine structural involvement (read the smoke and flames).
■ Step 3. Visualize and trace loads.
■ Step 4. Evaluate time.
■ Step 5. Predict and communicate collapse potential (foundation for zoning).
In which of the 5 processes of predicting collapse is the identification process
Step 1 and 2
Steps 3 and 4 are _______ process of predicting a collapse
analytical
____ or ____smoke venting under pressure from structural seams, ridge/ rim boards, eaves, and attic vents is a significant indicator that heat and likely fire are present in that space.
dark gray or black smoke
_______ that is being rapidly heated emits ______a collapse warning sign in lightweight
unfinished wood
brownish smoke
Stutral failure is often the results of______
Connection failure
Excessive live and dead loads place stress on building components, which are vulnerable to early collapse when attacked by fire
Overloading
_______can fail from the heat of the thermal column or heat in the by-products of combustion (smoke)—no flame is required!
press-glued wood chip prouduct
A long projecting beam or girder fixed at only one end, used in bridge contruction
Cantilever
Factor that can accelerate the potential collapse
■ Low material mass, or high surface-to-mass ratio
■ An imposed overload
■ Higher British thermal unit (Btu) development (fire load)
■ Alterations (undesigned loading)
■ Age deterioration or the lack of care and maintenance of the structure
■ Firefighting impact loads (fire stream force, accumulated water, forcible entry and ventilation efforts, weight of firefighting teams)
■ Breakdown or loss of fire-resistive barriers
“no-go” situation, and you should always establish a defensive attack.
when a building is under construction, being renovated, or being disassembled.
______ coming from lightweight engineered wood products means that time is up.
Brown or dark smoke
Late sign of collapse:
■ Deterioration and cracks of mortar joints and masonry
■ Signs of building repair, including reinforcing cables, spreaders, and bracing
■ Bulges and bowing of walls
■ Sagging floors and roofs
■ Abandoned buildings with missing roof, wall, or floor segments
■ Buildings under construction, renovation, or demolition (see the Safety Tip box)
■ Large volumes of fire impinging on structural components and spaces
■ Multiple fires in the same building or damage from previous fires
■ Settling noises
■ Doors out of plumb or jammed
■ Water flowing out of the building that doesn’t match water going in (in regard to quantity)
______ consists of the areas that are exposed to trauma, debris, and/ or thrust should a building or part of a building collapse.
A collapse zone
collapse zone be at least ___ times the height of the structure that is anticipated to fall.
1 ½
____can be defined as temporary shoring, bracing, or formwork used to support incomplete structural elements during building
False Work
A ____ is also used as false work.
______are diagonal braces that serve primarily as a column but must absorb some beam forces as well.
Raker
When it is not possible or desirable to honor the 1 ½ distance rule, some have chosen to _____the building corners so that fire streams can still reach.
Flank
______the building can accept the failure of a single component and still retain some strength (like a curtain wall collapse).
Partial Collapse
A ______ is the complete failure of the building to resist gravity.
general collapse
There are three communication options the ISO can use. The choice of which to use is based on the urgency of the message (time before collapse), described as follows:
- Emergency Evacuation
- Precautionary Withdrawal
- Planning Awareness
If the material can deform and still retain strength, it is called
Ductile
If the material breaks as it deforms, it is called
Brittle
Newer, lightweight composites are being created as a building material. Two of these materials are especially prevalent in wood construction:
- Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)
- Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
Sn: Both are engineered wood products that use native wood chips and shavings bonded together with an adhesive.
The primary load-bearing portions of a building are called
structural elements.
Structural elements are
columns, beams, and connections.
______are those elements that are resisting compressive forces.
Columns
_____transfer loads perpendicularly, creating opposing compression and torsional forces within the___
Beams
Beam
A connection can be _____, ____, or ____
gravity, pinned, or rigid
Building materials and construction methods have changed over time, leading to many construction classifications. Influences for these classifications include:
- The NFPA 220 five types
- Hybrid buildings
- The era or vintage of the construction
- The intended occupancy use of the building
- The size of the building
_____refers to the time period that influenced the building’s materials, methods, and features.
Era
_____refers to issues of aging, including sagging, rot, shrinkage, wear and tear, and lack of maintenance.
Age
_____of collapse include sagging floors and roofs, cracks in masonry, settling noises, bulging or leaning walls, signs of construction or alteration, and large-volume fires attacking structural elements.
Late Indicator
Buildings undergoing construction, demolition, or structural alteration are considered ______ with no time left before failure.
Loser
Building Era:
■ The founders’ era: 1700s to WWI
■ The industrial era: WWI to WWII
■ The legacy era: WWII to roughly 1980
■ The lightweight era: 1980s to present
Reading the building begins with a general classification of the building you are dealing with. There are four construction influences that help the fire officer classify the building:
- The general type of construction
- The era or historical time period in which the building was constructed 3. The intended use of the building
- The size of the building
