Ischemic Heart Disease (Coronary artery disease) Flashcards
What is ischemic heart disease?
Narrowing or obstruction of the coronary arteries Sufficient to prevent adequate blood and oxygen supply to the myocardium (ischemia)
not getting enough blood
What may IHD lead to?
May progress to the point the myocardium is damaged (infarction)
What are two types of IHD etiology?
- Atherosclerotic
- Non-Athersclerotic
What is the most common IHD etiology?
Atherosclerotic
What are examples of non- Atherosclerosis causes of IHD? 3
- Embolus into coronary artery
- Trauma
- Coronary artery dissection
What does this image represent?
Plaque progression from a fatty streak on the intima to a superficial erosion of the endocardial layer
In terms of atherosclerotic plaque progression, when the thrombus forms, what does it occlude? and where does it usually occur?
- The lumen of the artery
- Distal to an arterial branching
What are some major risk factors for IHD? 5
- Age
- Smoking
- Diabetes mellitus
- Dyslipidemia
- Hypertension
What are some predisposing risk factors for IHD? 4
- Abdominal obesity
- Family history
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
What is ischemia?
Decreased blood supply to the myocardium
What is an infarction?
Death or necrosis of tissue which results from prolonged ischemia
Can ischemia occur due to increased demand for blood?
Yes
Is ischemia reversible?
Yes
What is a total occlusion of blood flow to the tissue?
Infarction
Between ischemia and infarction which one is reversible?
Ischemia is reversible
What the most common causes of ischemia? 2
- Coronary artery disease
- Increased metabolic demand
What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Plaque in the vessel which impedes blood flow
How would someone have ischemia due to increased metabolic demand? 2
- Hypertrophy cardiomyopathy (more muscle)
- Aortic stenosis (more work or high afterload)
Everything downstream of the obstruction dies unless there is what?
Collateral circulation from another vessel
In terms of infarction, cell death starts to happen when? (Time frame)
Within 1 hour and is complete by 4
What are signs/ symptoms of ischemia/ Myocardial infarctions? 2, 8
- Angina Pectoris (chest pain)
- SOB
- Syncope
- Fatigue
- Can be silent (Asymptomatic)
- Sweating
- Nausea and vomiting
- Anxiety
What might a CXR show in terms of ischemic heart disease? 3
May show
- Pulmonary edema
- Cardiomegaly
- May appear normal
Where would we auscultate for ischemic heart disease?
S4, possible S3
What might we hear when we auscultate for ischemic heart disease?
Mitral regurgitation murmur (systolic murmur at apex)
How many patients have Mitral regurgitation after acute Mitral infarction?
Up to 60%
What is angina pectoris caused by?
Reduced O2 delivery to a section of the myocardium
What is angina pectoris felt as?
Heaviness, burning or aching pain in the chest +/- left arm
In terms of angina pectoris women have what kind of symptoms?
Generalized symptoms
What might angina pectoris possibly be caused by? (Besides O2 delivery)
Coronary spasm
What is stable angina a result of?
Stable plaque
What can stable angina be described as in terms of pain?
Predictable, regular chest pain
What the solution for stable angina?
Rest or nitroglycerine
How does unstable angina pain compare to stable angina? And how predictable is it?
More intense/ painful and not predictable
What is the solution for unstable angina?
May require immediate intervention
What does Myocardial infarctions lead to?
MI »_space; Arrhythmias (VT, VF)»_space; Asystole
When someone experiences MI what is immediately needed?
CPR and Defibrillation
In terms of Cardiac arrest survival rates drops by how much every minute without a pulse?
10%
During Myocardial infarction, once the pulse is back, what do we do?
Thrombolytics and PCI or emergency bypass
What are two types of Myocardial infarctions?
- NSTEMI
- STEMI
What is NSTEMI?
Zone of ischemia with small zone of cell death
In terms if NSTEMI it usually affects which area?
Subendocardial
What does the ST segment look in terms of NSTEMI?
Depressed
What is STEMI in terms of Myocardial infarction?
Transmural, which means through the whole thickness of the myocardium
from Endo to epi
What does the ST segment look like in terms of STEMI?
Elevated
What does these images represent from top down?
- Normal
- ST depression
- Infarct
What does ST depression indicate?
Ischemia
What does ST elevation represent?
Infarction
During MI where does arrhythmias originate?
In the ventricle