Irregular verbs Flashcards
arise
arise/arose/arisen
presentarsi, comparire (occur)
stand up
bend
bend/bent/bent
make curved/lean down(person)/be curved
bid
bid/bid/bid
offer(auction)
bid for st/bid to do st (offer services)
bid for st (compete)
bite
bite/bit/bitten
cut with teeth
broadcast
broadcast/broadcast/broadcast
trasmettere (Tv/Radio)/mandare in onda
burst
burst/burst/burst
explode
rupture
cause rupture
break
tear
emerge/come into view (diventare noto)
catch
catch/caught/caught
grasp/seize
fishing/hunting
take transport
take diseases
discover unexpectedly
become entangled
dig
dig/dug/dug
scavare/zappare/cercare qualcosa (dig for something )/investigare (dig into) somenthing) /azzannare gettarsi su qualcosa (informale) dig into something
fall
fall/fell/fallen
cadere/diventare/scagliarsi contro or ingozzarsi or gettarsi su qualcosa or non lasciarsi sfuggire (opportunità) (fall on/fall upon)
flee
flee/fled/fled
fuggire/dileguarsi
forbid
forbid/forbade/forbidden
vietare/ proibire a qualcuno di fare qualcosa (forbid s from doing som)/forbid s to do som)
freeze
freeze/froze/frozen
congelare/bloccare (figurativo)
hang
hang/hung/hung
appendere/decorare (hang st with st) / essere o rimanere sospeso su qualcosa (hang over st)
hide
hide/hid/hidden
nascondersi/ rimanere nascosto (hide away) / tenere qualcosa nascosto (hide st away)
hold
hold/held/held
tenere/stringere/abbracciare/attendere (telephone)/reggere (resistenza)
interweave
interweave/interwove/interwoven
intrecciare/ intrecciare con qualcosa o qualcuno (interweave with st/s)/interconnettersi/collegarsi (figurativo)
keep
keep/kept/kept
store/save/not return/put aside/rise (animals)/keep doing something (continuare a fare qualcosa)
kneel
kneel/knelt/knelt
inginocchiarsi /inginocchiarsi davanti a (kneel before st/s)/genuflettersi (kneel down)
lay
lay/laid/laid
distendere/stendere/lay something on someone (scaricare qualcosa su qualcuno/attribuire qualcosa a qualcuno - blame/stress)
lead
lead /led/led
condurre/dirigere/portare a (lead to something - inteso sia come luogo che come conseguenza)/ lead someone to do something (spingere qualcuno a fare qualcosa)/condurre (live)
know
know/knew/known
sapere/conoscere
know that/who/what/why (sapere che/chi/che cosa/perchè)
know st from st(distinguere/riconoscere)
know of s/st (be aware the som/s exsists)
know s/st as (conoscere come)
know someone to be s/st (consocere qualcuno essere qualcosa/qualcuno)
let
let/let/let
permettere/lasciare
far entrare (let in)/ far passare (let pass/let through)
lie
lie/lay/lain
essere sdraiato/essere disteso/essere sparso/trovarsi/giacere
light
light/lit(lighted)/lit(lighted)
illuminare/dare fuoco/accendere
lose
lose/lost/lost
perdere/smarrire/perdere soldi/fare perdere qualcosa a qualcuno (His lack of punctuality lost him his job)
make
fare/costruire/realizzare/creare/preparare/imporre di fare qualcosa a qualcuno o causare (make s do st)/ rendere (you make me happy)/costringere (informal)
mean
mean/meant/meant
significare/avere intenzione di /intendere/ dire sul serio (mean it)
meet
meet/met/met
incontrare/presenatarsi/accogliere/andare all’arrivo di
mistake
mistake/mistook/mistaken
fraintendere/confondere per qualcuno/con qualcuno (mistake s for s else)
offset
offset/offset/offset
controbilanciare/equilibrare/compensare
pay
pay/paid/paid
pagare
rendere(respects/tribute)
dare a qualcuno per qualcosa ( I’ll pay you ten dollars for that shirt)
put
put/put/put
mettere/inserire (put st in/int st)/dire/formulare/dare in custodia (put s with s)
quit
quit/quit/quit
smettere/smettere di fare qualcosa (quit doing st /informal)/licenziarsi (informal)
read
read/read/read
leggere/sfogliare/studiare leggendo
ride
ride/rode/ridden
andare su un mezzo (sia a motore che non/animale e non) / cavalcare/gareggiare (in sella)/passaggio/strappo (informal)/giostra - attrazione/trip(informal)
ring
ring/rang/rung
squillare/suonare
rise
rise/rose/risen
salire/andare verso l’alto/alzarsi in piedi/aumentare/crescere
run
run/ran/run
correre/percorrere/azionare/gestire/mantenere/funzionare/girare
awake
awake/awoke/awoken
wake up
awake to st (become aware of)
awake to st /(alert about st)
beat
beat/beat/beaten
strike
hit s repeatedty
defeat
whisk (eggs)
flap (wings)
become
become/became/become
grow to be/change into
suit/look good on (formal)
be appropriate/suitable (formal)
It doesn’t become someone in your position to behave in that way
begin
begin/began/begun
start an activity/start off/start doing/begin to do something
bet
bet/bet/bet
gamble/place a wager on
blow
blow/blew/blown
soffiare/sollevarsi per il vento/esplodere
break
breake/broke/broken
smash into pieces
fracture a bone
end st (figurative)
fragment/shatter
stop functioning
bring
bring/brought/brought
carry st
take st/s with you
build
build/built/built
construct
establish and develop a career
develop
cause to be built (far costruire)
buy
buy/bought/bought
purchase
buy somenthing (believe/bersi - slang)
cost
cost/cost/cost
have a price of
cost s st (be sold to s for )
this dress cost me 500
creep
creep/crept/crept
strisciare/muoversi furtivamente/insinuarsi
crawl (insects) - strisciare
grow along surface (plants)
move slowly
be obsequious
rabbrividire
cut
cut/cut/cut
chop/slice st
slice into st/s
reduce
cut into = slice st with a knife etc.
deal
deal/dealt/dealt
distribute (cards)
deal in st = be concerned with/trade
deal with = address/resolve
deal with s = handle (people)
deal with s = punish (informal)
deal with st= cope (informal) (ovecome difficulties)
do
do/did/done
fill your time with
create/make
carry out/attend to (job/task)
work as st for a living
progress (informal) –> how are your kids doing in school ?
manage (informal)
draw
draw/drew/drawn
sketch/ do drawings
take out a weapon
attract
tie a game
drink
drink/drank/drunk
consume liquid
consume alcohol (informal)
drive
drive/drove/driven
operate a vehicle
transport a passenger
I’ll be late to the show unless you can drive me
cause movement
drive s to do st –> compel, cause
push/power –> Spending drives the economy.
seek
seek/sought/sought
cercare/essere alla ricerca di
set
set/set/set
mettere/collocare
tramontare (per il sole)
solidificarsi/indurire
stabilito/concordato
say
say to
say/said/said
dire
dire qualcosa a qualcuno o chiudere scusa a qualcuno
see
see/saw/seen
percepire con gli occhi
capire (I see) - informale
sell
sell/sold/sold
vendere
convincere a comprare (sell s st)
deal in
promuovere
sell s on st = convincere qualcuno di qualcosa
send
send/sent/sent
mandare/trasmettere/spedire
sew
sew/sewed/sewn
cucire
shake
shake/shook/shaken
agitare/vibrare/oscillare/tremare/scuotere
shine
shine/shone/shone
fare luce/illuminare/brillare/splendere
shoot
shoot/shot/shot
sparare/fare fuoco/scattare una foto/girare un film
show
show/showed/shown
mostrare
show st to someone - mostrare/esibire qualcosa a qualcuno
show to s how to do st –> mostrare a qualcuno come si fa qualcosa
mettere in scena/presentare (perform)
vedersi/apparire (be visible)
shrink
shrink/shrank/shrunk
restringersi/ritirarsi/far ritirare
shut
shut down
shut away/in
shut out
shut up
shut/shut/shut
1) chiudere
2) cessare l’attività/spegnere o non voler ascoltare
3) rinchiudere
4) chiudere fuori/lasciare fuori/bloccare/arginare o escludere/tagliare fuori
5) stare zitto/tacere/zittire/chiudere
sing
sing/sang/sung
cantare/suonare (make ringing sound)
sink
sink/sank/sunk
affondare/scendere (prezzi)/tramontare/sprofondare/spegnersi (peggiorare di salute) / incidere - imprimere
sit
sit/sat/sat
sedersi/stare seduto (do nothing)/posarsi/giacere
sleep
sleep/slept/slept
dormire/andare a letto/andare a letto con
slide
slide/slid/slid
scorrere/scivolare
speak
speak/spoke/spoken
parlare/dire (tell)/convey a message
spend
spend/spent/spent
spendere/trascorrere (time)/dedicare o investire (effort)
spit
spit/spat/spat
sputare/infilzare/trafiggere
split
split/split/split
spaccare/rompere
strappare/stracciare
dividere
spaccarsi/rompersi/separarsi
spread
spread/spread/spread
diffondere/espandere
trasmettere/propagare
mostrare/aprire/allargare (The peacock spread his tail)
spalmare
arrivare a/estendersi fino a/raggiungere
spring
spring/sprang/sprung
saltare/saltar fuori
zampillare (water)/scaturire
stand
stand/stood/stood
alzarsi/alzarsi in piedi
stare in piedi
essere in favore/schierarsi
mettersi/piazzarsi
steal
steal/stole/stolen
rubare
steal from s/st = rubare da qualcuno/qualcosa
stick
stick/stuck/stuck
stick st into st = conficcare in/introdurre dentro
stick st on/onto = attaccare su qualcosa/attaccare a qualcosa (informal)
stick st to st = incollare qualcosa a qualcosa
stick to st = attaccarsi a/ incollarsi
sting
sting/stung/stung
pungere/pizzicare
stink
stink/stank/stunk
puzzare
stink of st = puzza di qualcosa
strike
strike/struck/struck
colpire (hit)
attaccare (animals)
sbattere contro/urtare
battere/scoccare (orologi)
colpire (fulmini)
abolire
swear
swear/swore/sworn
giurare
promettere
imprecare/dire parolacce/bestemmiare
swear at = imprecare contro
sweep
sweep/swept/swept
spazzare/scopare
swim
swim/swam/swum
nuotare
muoversi con leggerezza/leggiadria (figurative)
Fred Astaire could just swim across a room.
swing
swing/swung/swung
oscillare
muovere/agitare (la mazza o la racchetta)
vacillare
essere impiccato
roteare/girare (pivot)
swing at st/s = cercare di colpire
take
take/took/taken
prendere (grab)
take st to s/st = portare qualcosa a qualcuno/qualcosa
take st = accettare/ricevere - portare via/rubare
take st from s = prendere qualcosa a qualcuno/confiscare qualcosa a qualcuno
take st/s = accompagnare/portare (con un veicolo) - prendere un mezzo di trasporto
take time = richiedere/volerci tempo
How long did it take?
It took me all day to finish that job.
tear
tear/tore/torn
strapparsi/lacerarsi
strappare/lacerare
lacrimare
tear st from = strappare qualcosa da
He tore the page from the book.
teach
teach/taught/taught
insegnare/fare l’insegnante
teach s/st = insegnare a qualcuno /insegnare qualcosa
teach s st = insegnare a qualcuno qualcosa
teach s to do st/ how to do st = insegnare a qualcuno a fare qualcosa
teach s about st = istruire qualcuno su qualcosa
tell
tell/told/told
tell s st = dire (comunicare/informare)/raccontare
tell s that = annunciare/dire
tell st = narrare qualcosa/una storia
tell s to do st = ordinare a qualcuno di fare qualcosa
think
think/thought/thought
(reflect, consider)
think st = hold an opinion
think, think that = believe
think about st = consider
think about s/st - think of = be preoccupied
think of doing st = consider doing st
think about doing st/ think of = consider possibility of doing st
think of = ideare/escogitare
He thought of a new way to manufacture pencils.
think of s/st as st = considerare qualcuno/qualcosa come qualcosa
throw
throw/threw/thrown
lanciare/tirare
buttare/gettare
understand
understand/understood/understood
capire/comprendere
understand st = essere pratico di/intendersi
understand/understand that = mi pare di capire/dedurre
I understand that the situation is grave.
Mi pare di capire che la situazione sia grave.
understand st = sottointendere/assumere
understand st = credere/supporre
I understand them to be very nice people.
Immagino che siano persone molto simpatiche.
undo
undo/undid/undone
sbottonare/slacciare
aprire/scartare
tornare indietro/annullare/cancellare
wake
wake/woke/woken
svegliarsi/alzarsi/risvegliarsi
wake s = svegliare/risvegliare
rise from the dead (figurative)
wear
wear/wore/worn
indossare/avere indosso
mettersi/vestirsi
portare (accessori)
weave
weave/wove/woven
intrecciare
tessere
serpeggiare/muoversi a zig zag
weep
weep/wept/wept
piangere
weep for s/st = piangere qualcuno/qualcosa
weep over s/st = pianger per (a causa di) qualcuno/qualcosa
weep for st/weep with st = piangere di (emozioni)
Agnes isn’t sad; she is weeping for joy.
win
win/won/won
vincere
win st =
1) guadagnare/conquistare qualcosa
He won a spot on the Olympic team.
2) reach (for ex. the top of a mountain)
3) convincere (gain the support of)
write
write/wrote/written
scrivere
scrivere lettere
fare lo scrittore
write st = scrivere qualcosa
write st to s = scrivere qualcosa (like a letter) a qualcuno
write to s = scrivere a qualcuno
lend
lend/lent/lent
lend st = dare qualcosa in prestito
lend st to s:
1) dare qualcosa in prestito a qualcuno
2) fornire qualcosa a qualcuno
3) to give characteristics
The vocalist’s British accent lends a certain charm to her singing.
L’accento britannico della cantante dà un certo fascino al suo canto.
4) bank: loan money
fly
fly/flew/flown
volare/librarsi
travel by plane
pilot a plane
fly s/st = transport by plane (trasportare in aereo)
The pilot flew cargo between the two cities.
forget
forget/forgot/forgotten
dimenticarsi/scordarsi
forget to do st = dimenticarsi di fare qualcosa
get
get/got/got (gotten US)
All informal
get st:
1) ricevere
id you get the message I sent you?
2) obtain/prendere/procurarsi
We need to get some beer somewhere.
3) win/earn
I got an A in Spanish.
4) to fetch (portare/prendere)
I’ll get another plate for you.
5) catch an illness (prendere/beccare)
He got the flu and had to stay at home.
6) buy st
I’m just going to get some more milk.
7) capire/comprendere/arrivarci
Do you get what I’m saying?
8) diventare
Nancy got annoyed when the car wouldn’t start.
9) arrivare
When will we get there?
get s to do st = persuadere qualcuno a fare qualcosa
get to do st = have the opportunity (riuscire a/avere la possibilità di)
I get to go to Paris this summer.
forgive
forgive/forgave/forgiven
forgive s = perdonare (pardon)
forgive a debt = condonare/rimettere
give
give/gave/given
1) give st to s/ give s st (hand, pass) = dare [qlcs] a [qlcn] /passare [qlcs] a [qlcn]
(formale) porgere [qlcs] a [qlcn]
2) give s st = (as a gift)
3) give s st = provide
4) give s st/ give s st for st = pay
I’ll give you five hundred dollars for that car.
5) give st = supply
6) give s st = assign, allot, allocate, distribute
grind
grind/ground/ground
1) grind st = pulverize (polveraiz)
2) grind st = rub together harshly –> grattare/sfregare
3) macinare (US)
grow
grow/grew/grown
increase in size
expand
increase
thrive
grow from st = develop, arise
The business grew from a small family firm to a multimillion pound business.
cultivate
facial hair
grow to do st = (feel after time)
He grew to appreciate her presence.
Ha iniziato ad apprezzare la sua presenza.
(maturare, diventare adulto)
grow + adj (become) = (fare gradualmente) iniziare a, cominciare a vi
We soon grew tired of her temper tantrums
have
have/had/had
have st = experience st
My sons are having an adventure in South America.
have st = obtain
Could I have another cup of tea, please?
have st = eat/drink st
I had a drink and a biscuit.
hear
hear/heard/heard
hear st = (sound: perceive)
hear st = (detect sound of)
hear = (sound: be able to perceive)
She can no longer hear well and is becoming deaf
hear/hear that = (information: receive) (venire a sapere)
Did you hear that Mr. Johnson has died?
hear st = (be in audience)
We went to hear the concert in the park.
hear st = consider officially
The court will hear his testimony on Tuesday.
bear
bear/bore/born
bear st = support weight
The bridge must bear the weight of the cars and trucks.
bear st = endure st
He could hardly bear the suspense.
bear st = (produce flowers, fruit)
bear st = (give birth to: a child)
bear st = (withstand to, stand up to) –> superare/sostenere/resistere
He knew his alibi would bear scrutiny, so he had no problem telling it to the detectives.
bear = (curve: left, right)
bear s st = give s with an heir (heer)
The Queen bore her husband three daughters.
bind
bind/bound/bound (baund)
bind st = (tie, fasten securely)
bind st = (wrap, strap up tightly) –> fasciare/bendare
bind s = tie up (legare)
bind st = provide a binding for a book, etc.) = rilegare
bind s = force legally
The contract binds the signer to the above stipulations.
bleed
bleed/bled/bled
to bleed = 1) sanguinare
2) figurative (colour: fade, leach out)(scolorire/sbiadire)
3) smarginare (text)
bleed st = spurgare
