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Biol 190B Final > Invertebrates > Flashcards

Invertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Sponge Structure

A

asymmetric, no fixed shape. skeleton of fibers called spicules. no tissues or organs. groups of cells not surrounded by membranes. cells relatively unspecialized. cell differentiation is fully and easily reversible

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2
Q

Sponge Feeding

A

suspension feeders. water drawn through body pores. algal symbionts to provide fixed carbon (common among invertebrates)

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3
Q

Sponge Defense and attack

A

toxins, bright warning colouration, spicules. some sponge toxins work against other sponges for space competition. self-nonself recognition, memory

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4
Q

Sponge reproduction

A

asexual-fragmentation, budding

sexual-sequential hermaphrodites, prevents self fertilization

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5
Q

Cnidarian body forms

A

polyp-attached to substrate

medusa-bell-shaped, free-floating

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6
Q

Cnidarian structure

A

nerve net, chemical and mechnical sensors, some have eyes
contractile cells provide motility but no true muscle, originates in epiderm, gastrodermis extends into mesoglea (some species have contractile cells originating in mesoglea)

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7
Q

Cnidarian feeding

A

predatory and algal symbionic life style

nematocyst-injects painful, paralytic toxin

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8
Q

Cnidarian reproduction

A

asexual-budding

sexual-larva is small ciliated planula

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9
Q

Flatworms

A

triploblastic, protostomate, acoelomatous, flattened body for gas exchange

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10
Q

Planarians

A

mainly carnivores
mouth leads to gastrovascular cavity
cephalization/rudimentary brain, eye spots for orientation (negatively phototatic)
asexual reproduction by transverse fission and regeneration
sexual-hermaphroditic individuals, gonopore receives semen, echange is reciprocal. penis fencing

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11
Q

Tapeworms

A

endoparasitic, nutrients pass directly across body wall of worm. conver food to eggs and sperm (10 000-100 000 fertilized eggs/day)

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12
Q

Metameric segmentation

A

Serial repetition of segments

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13
Q

Tagmatization

A

modification and specialization of segments

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14
Q

Annelids

A

segmented worms

oligochaetes-metameric segmentation and polychaetes-differentiated segments

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15
Q

Oligochaetes

A

earthworms and some freshwater and marine relatives

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16
Q

Oligochaetes locomotion

A

alternating contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles, working against the coelomic fluid isolated in each segment

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17
Q

Oligochaetes circulation

A

closed, oxygen absorbed across the skin, highly vascularized for this function, carried by hemoglobin and oxygen-binding proteins, pseuohearts, contractile vessel walls

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18
Q

Oligochaetes feeding

A

deposit feeder, ingest soil, extract nutrients and leave behind castings

19
Q

Oligochaetes reproduction

A

sexual (simultaneous hermaphroditism)

asexual (fragmentation, parthenogenesis)

20
Q

parthenogenesis

A

embryo development without fertilization

21
Q

Mollusc body structure

A

coelomatous, unsegmented

22
Q

Generalized mollusc

A

muscular foot-locomotion attachment burrowing
visceral mass-internal organs, gill and anus open to mantle cavity.
mantle-secretes the shell, calcium carbonate in a protein matrix.
radula-toothed scraping tool

23
Q

Mollusc circulation

A

closed in cephalopods, open in others

24
Q

Chitons (polyplacophorans)

A

grazyers in intertidal region, oval bodies, 8 dorsal plate

25
Q

Gastropods

A

snails, slugs, 60 000-75 000 species consituting 80% of all molluscs. Dr Louise Page. only molluscs on land. Mantle cavity modified to a lung.
grazers, predators. torsion

26
Q

Torsion

A

180 degree twisting of visceral mass, assymetric growth and muscle contraction on one side of embryo. mass redistribution?

27
Q

Bivalves

A

clams, scallops, mussels. dorsal hinge, shells left-right. adductor muscles hold shells together. gills collect o2 and food particles, trapped in mucus. usually sedentary, burrowing.
scallops more active

28
Q

cephalopods

A

octopi, squids, nautiluses. eject water through siphon to produce rapid directed movements, allows vertical movement, 3D. Predators with complicated brains and sense organs. most intelligent invertebrates

29
Q

Nematode

A

commonly called roundworm, unsegmented and pseudocoelomatous with complete digestive tract, cryptospecies

30
Q

Nematode lifestyle

A

free-living, parasitic.

31
Q

Trichniella spiralis

A

causes trichinosis, from undercooked pork and game meat

32
Q

Guinea worm

A

recently almost eradicated

33
Q

Diversity of nematode

A

25 000 known, 500 000 undescribed

34
Q

Cryptosepcies

A

look similar, diff in genital anatomy and game recognition factors

35
Q

Interesting facts on nematodes

A

about 80% individual animals are nematodes. 1 000 000 in 1cubic m of soil.
chromosome diminution-fragment and lose embryonic cell dna 20% genome remains in differentiated cells
cyrptobiosis-suspended animation, stopped metabolic processes
anhydrobiosis-extreme dessication tolerance, trehalose replaces water

36
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans

A

best understood animal, model organism for developmental genetics. 959 somatic cells, completel cell lineage known “theworm”

37
Q

Arthropods

A

most successful of all animal phyla in terms of diveristy (2/3 animal species are arthropods)

38
Q

Arthropod clades

A

chelicerates
myriapoda
hexapoda
crustacea

39
Q

Chelicerates

A

spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, cephalothorax, cherlicerae (fangs), no sensory antennae, simple eyes iwth 1 lens

40
Q

Myriapoda

A

centipedes, millipedes. mandibles, pair of sensory antennae, uniramous appendages, compound eyes

41
Q

Hexapoda

A

insects, uniramous appendages, 3 pairs of legs on thorax, 1 pair of sensory antennae, flight, metamorphosis

42
Q

Crustacea

A

crabs, lobsters, barnacles, 2 pairs sensory antennae, mandibles, biramous appendages

43
Q

General arthropod features

A

segmentation, jointed appendages, exoskeleton- chitin and protein, extensive cephalization, receptors for sight taste smell touch

Biol 190B Final (17 decks)

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