Defense Systems

Question 1

Pathogens

Answer 1

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, worms

Question 2

nonpathogenic foreign substances

Answer 2

pollen, chemicals, transplanted tissue

Question 3

Innate defenses

Answer 3

not keyed to individual pathogens, do not adapt to specific pathogens, no clonal selection

Question 4

Adaptive defenses

Answer 4

keyed to individual pathogens, adapt to specific pathogens, clonal selection

Question 5

pH of skin

Answer 5

low

Question 6

opsonization

Answer 6

interaction w/ label attached to target by host’s system

Question 7

opsonins

Answer 7

antibodies
complement proteins
acute phase proteins

Question 8

cytokines

Answer 8

signalling molecules

Question 9

Natural killer cells

Answer 9

attack cancerous cells/viral cells

Question 10

NK recognition

Answer 10

unusual molecules on surface of target cell

Question 11

NK killing method

Answer 11

release of granules containing proteins that destory target cell membrane, proteolytic enzymes that chew up target’s proteins, molecles that induce apoptosis

Question 12

Early-acting defenses

Answer 12

NK and phagocytes

Question 13

Interferons

Answer 13

cytokines, proteins secreted by immune system cells that regulate activities of nearby cells

Question 14

Complement

Answer 14

30 blood serum proteins that can destory membrane of foreign cell/opsonize invader

Question 15

Pyrogens

Answer 15

signalling molecules that tell hypothalamus to raise set point

Question 16

Immunoglobulin class

Answer 16

set of similar antibodies

Question 17

2 regions of antibody molecule

Answer 17

variable region-different in each antibody

constant region-same in each Ig class

Question 18

epitope

Answer 18

part of antigenic molecule that binds antibody.

12-20a.a

Question 19

what is antigenic?

Answer 19

proteins
glycoproteins
polysaccharides
glycolipids

Question 20

T Cell Receptors

Answer 20

specificity, diversity, bind to antigens, diversity generated by gene rearrangements

Question 21

B cell maturation site

Answer 21

bone marrow

Question 22

T cell maturation site

Answer 22

thymus

Question 23

B cell activation

Answer 23

antigen binding or interaction with helper T cell

Question 24

Clonal selection

Answer 24

2 B cell clones from the activation of a single B cell with single antigenic specificity

Question 25

plasma cells

Answer 25

secrete antibodies of the same specificity as B cell receptor

Question 26

memory cells

Answer 26

no immediate role, potentiate later responses

Question 27

what antibodies do

Answer 27

membrane-bound receptors in B cells
coat viruses and bacteria, preventing attachment to epithelia
coat cells, viruses and particles for macrophage attack
activate complement
humoural immunity

Question 28

helper T cells

Answer 28

provide links between macrophages, dendritic cells, humoural immunity and cell-mediate immunity

Question 29

APC antigen-presenting cells

Answer 29

macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 30

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Answer 30

presents antigen to helper t cells

Question 31

cytotoxic T cells

Answer 31

activated by helper T cells and infected cells (killer T cells)
lyses the membrane of target cell
cell-mediated immunity

Question 32

somatic hypermutation

Answer 32

occurs during proliferation of memory cells.

Question 33

acquired immunited

Answer 33

vaccination

Question 34

passive immunity

Answer 34

antibodies supplied directly from outside

eg mother to child