invatand partea a 2-a : motivatia

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

The desire to do something in order to achieve a goal.

Question 2

What is the hedonic principle?

Answer 2

All people are motivated to experience pleasure and minimise/avoid pain.

Question 3

What are the 2 types of motivation?

Answer 3

Intrinsic: rewards that come from within us
Extrinsic: rewards that come from outside

Question 4

Intrinsic vs extrinsic

Answer 4

Intrinsic: the actual itself is rewarding (listening to music)
Extrinsic: the action itself is not rewarding (working), but the pay off is (money)

Question 5

What did Aristotle say?

Answer 5

Doing painful or difficult things in the short-term can be desirable if it leads to a happiness in the future.

Question 6

How do extrinsic and intrinsic motivations affect learning?

Answer 6

Lin(2003)
Found that most students tend to be intrinsically motivated.
Students with medium levels of extrinsic motivation did the best in university.

Question 7

What is curiosity?

Answer 7

It is an important type of intrinsic motivation that plays a special role in learning.
It is the desire to know something.

Question 8

What are the 2 main dimensions of curiosity? (Daniel Berlyne)

Answer 8

1. From perceptual to epistemic curiosity perceptual.
   - Perceptual = the desire to experience new sensations
   - Epistemic = the desire to acquire new knowledge
2. From specific to diverse curiosity.
   - Specific = hunting for a specific piece of information
   - Diverse = exploring without a particular goal

Question 9

What is the knowledge gap hypothesis?

Answer 9

Loewenstein argued that curiosity arises when we detect a gap between what we currently know and what we could know.
We need to know a little bit about the topic to detect the gap.
Once we seek this information, to close the gap, this satisfied our curiosity.

Question 10

Evidence for the knowledge gap hypothesis?

Answer 10

It was found that people are less curious about things they have no idea about OR when they were confident the knew the answer.
People were most curious when they thought they might have an idea about what the answer could be.

2 weeks after, people’s memory recall was better on the questions that they were most curious about.

Question 11

Does curiosity enhance memory?

Answer 11

Yes. It not only enhances memory for the things we are curious about, it enhances our memory for all the things that are happening when we are in a curious state.

Question 12

What is the PACE framework?

Answer 12

Prediction, Appraisal, Curiosity, Exploration.

Question 13

What are the stages of the PACE framework?

Answer 13

1. Detect an information gap.
2. Appraise that gap - whether we think we have the capacity to close that gap.
3. If we can’t close the gap we experience anxiety. If we can, then we experience curiosity.
4. Curiosity motivates information seeking linked to reward processes.
5. Enhanced memory consolidation for all relevant/irrelevant information received during the curious state.