IntroNucleicAcids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

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2
Q

What are the Purines?

A

Adenine

Guanine

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3
Q

How do Phosphodiester bonds form in DNA synthesis?

A

5 —> 3

5’ end of incoming nucleotide attacks 3’ hydroxide group

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4
Q

How is Base sequence of DNA written?

A

5’ —> 3’

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5
Q

What is Chargaff’s Rule?

A

Purines = # Pyrimidines

Due to H bonds only forming between specific base paring

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6
Q

What are the three main types of DNA structures?

A

B-DNA: Most common in normal cells

A-DNA: Water removed; More compact

Z-DNA: High C-G Base pairing; Left handed Helix; No major groove; Biological function unknown

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7
Q

What are the different types or RNA?

A

RRNA: Structural component of ribosome

TRNA: Carries AAs to ribosome

MRNA: Carries information to ribosome

HnRNA: mRNA precursor in nucleus

SmRNA: Splicing and removal of Introns

Ribozymes: RNA which acts as an enzyme

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8
Q

How does adenosine act as a neuromodulator? How is caffeine involved?

A
  • Adenosine is a byproduct of ATP use and signals low energy
  • Wakefulness neurons have A Adenosine receptors
  • Sleepiness Neurons have A2A Receptors
  • Caffeine is competitive inhibitor of adenosine receptors and decreases sensitivity of neurons
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9
Q

How does caffeine affect other organs in the body?

A
  • decreases activity of A1 receptors in other organs
  • Increases HR
  • Increases Urine production
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10
Q

How many cAMPs are needed to bind PKA in Gs activation?

A

4 cAMPs

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11
Q

How is caffeine involved in breakdown of glycogen in the liver?

A

Coffee inhibits phosphodiesterase —> Prolonged glycogen breakdown

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12
Q

How does mitochondrial DNA differ structurally from nuclear DNA?

A
  • Mitochondrial DNA has a circular structure
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13
Q

Differentiate Positive and Negative Supercoiling.

A

Positive: Wound more tightly; Faster gyrase; Lower cleavage

Negative: Wound more loosely; Slower gyrase; higher cleavage

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14
Q

What two amino acids are most common in histone proteins?

A

Arginine and Lysine

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15
Q

Which part of wound DNA is most sensitive to nuclease activity?

A

Naked linker DNA between each 10 nm bead

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16
Q

Differentiate how different nucleases cut polymers.

A

Exonuclease: Remove nucleotide from 5’ or 3’ end

Endonuclease: Cuts within nucleic acid and release fragments

Restriction endonuclease: Cut DNA specifically at palindromic sequences