Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endo/Repro Exam 1 > Introduction to Thyroid Pathology > Flashcards

Introduction to Thyroid Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a primary endocrinopathy?

A

Thyroid disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a secondary endocrinopathy?

A

Pituitary disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a goiter?

A

State of enlargement of the thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are Goitrogens?

A

Chemical agents that suppress thyroid function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are C cells?

A

Parafollicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do parafollicular (C cells) release?

A

Calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are parafollicular cells located?

A

Within the wall of follicles around follicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a medullary thyroid carcinoma?

A

Parafollicular neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What occurs in medullary thyroid carcinoma?

A

Increased serum calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is thyrotoxicosis?

A

Hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can occur in hyperthyroidism in patients with underlying heart issues?

A

Low-output hear failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy (left ventricle too dilated so not large ejection fracture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What occurs with lid lag?

A

Superior tarsal muscle pulls the lid too high so eyes appear to bulge but are not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is true thyroid ophthalmopathy associated with?

A

Grave’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is cretinism?

A

Low iodine levels due to insufficient levels in diet; early childhood or mothers diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What diseases can occur due to hypothyroidism?

A

Cretinism

Myxedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Three differential diagnosis of goiters?

A

Inflammatory or immune-mediated disease
Non-neoplastic parenchymal enlargement
Neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the most useful screening test for hyper and hypothyroidism?

A

TSH levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

TSH levels in hyper:

A

Low (due to T4/T3 feedback to decrease release)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

TSH levels in hypo:

A

High (no T3/T4 to turn it off)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do hot nodules show?

A

Activity in thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do cold nodules show?

A

Inactivity due to neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Four thyroid disease categories:

A

Thyroiditis
Graves disease
Diffuse and Nodular goiter
Neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Four types of thyroiditis:

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis
Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis
Granulomatous thyroiditis
Reidel thyroiditis

24
Q

What is Hashimoto thyroiditis?

A

Hypothyroidism where iodine levels are sufficient

25
Q

What type of goiter does Hashimoto cause?

A

Painless symmetric and diffuse

26
Q

What causes Hashimoto thyroiditis?

A

Autoimmune disease with destruction of thyroid gland

27
Q

Why can Hashimoto initially present as hyperthyroidism?

A

Inflammatory destruction of epithelial cells causing a spillage of T3/T4

28
Q

What cells can be found in Hashimoto thyroiditis?

A

Hurthle cells

29
Q

What is Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis?

A

Autoimmune disease against antithyroid peroxidase

30
Q

What is the goiter in Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis?

A

Painless

31
Q

What is a variant of Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis?

A

Post-partum thyroiditis

32
Q

What is granulomatous thyroiditis?

A

Most common cause of thyroid pain; self-limiting; transient inflammation

33
Q

What does granulomatous thyroiditis cause?

A

Hyperthyroidism from destruction of cells and T3/T4 release

34
Q

What occurs to iodine uptake in granulomatous thyroiditis?

A

Decreased radioactive iodine uptake

35
Q

What occurs in Reidel thyroiditis?

A

Extensive fibrosis; maybe associated with pathologic progressive fibrosis

36
Q

How is the thyroid seen in Reidel thyroiditis?

A

Hard and fixed thyroid that mimics carcinoma

37
Q

What causes Graves disease?

A

Antibodies against the TSH receptors thus stimulating the receptors

38
Q

What are the underlying cause of Graves disease?

A

Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI)

39
Q

What triad characterizes Graves disease?

A

Thyrotoxicosis
Ophthalmopathy
Dermopathy

40
Q

What are the three types of goiters?

A

Diffuse (simple)
Multinodular
Dyshormonogenetic

41
Q

What characterizes a diffuse goiter?

A

Uniform enlargement; TSH elevated but person is euthyroid

42
Q

Two types of diffuse goiters?

A

Endemic goiter

Sporadic goiter

43
Q

What causes endemic goiters?

A

Goitrogens or low iodine

44
Q

What causes sporadic goiters?

A

Young people with unknown cause

45
Q

Diffuse goiter pathology?

A

None it is non-toxic

46
Q

What characterizes a multinodular goiter?

A

Numerous discrete nodules

47
Q

Symptoms of multinodular goiters?

A

Most are euthyroid or can develop autonomous nodules that produce excessive thyroid hormones

48
Q

What is dyshormonogenetic goiter?

A

Rare but familial goiter

49
Q

What are the general statistics of thyroid neoplasms?

A

Solitary are more likely to be neoplastic
Nodules in younger patients and males are more likely to be neoplastic
Hot nodules are more likely to be benign than malignant

50
Q

Four major types of carcinomas:

A

Papillary carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma
Anaplastic carcinoma
Medullary carcinoma

51
Q

Papillary carcinoma:

A

85% of cases; Tend to metastasize to cervical nodes

52
Q

Follicular carcinoma:

A

5-15% of cases; Capsular invasion or vascular invasion by neoplastic cells

53
Q

Anaplastic carcinoma:

A

5% of cases; Aggressive 100% mortality

54
Q

Medullary carcinoma:

A

Neuroendocrine carcinoma

C cells secretes calcitonin

55
Q

Two phases of diffuse goiter?

A

Hyperplastic: Response to demand for more thyroid hormone

Colloid involution: Less demand for thyroid hormone

Endo/Repro Exam 1 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions