Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary

Question 1

What is a nucleus?

Answer 1

A group of neuronal cell bodies grouped together in a tight area

Question 2

What is the outer most layer of the brain called?

Answer 2

The cortex

Question 3

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 3

Just inferior to the thalamus

Question 4

How is the thalamus separated?

Answer 4

Into right and left thalamus

Question 5

What is found between the two thalami?

Answer 5

The third ventricle

Question 6

What separates the thalamus and hypothalamus?

Answer 6

The hypothalamic sulcus

Question 7

What is the area between the mammillary body and the infundibulum?

Answer 7

The median eminence

Question 8

What are the three hypothalamic regions from medial to lateral?

Answer 8

Periventricular region
Medial region
Lateral region

Question 9

Where does the pituitary gland sit?

Answer 9

In a depression called the sella turcica

Question 10

What bone is the sella turcica found in?

Answer 10

The sphenoid bone

Question 11

What makes the hypothalamus a part of the endocrine system?

Answer 11

Its relationship with the pituitary gland

Question 12

Two parts of the pituitary gland?

Answer 12

Anterior/adenohypophysis

Posterior/neurohypophysis

Question 13

What is the embryology of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 13

Downgrowth from the hypothalamus (neuroectoderm)

Question 14

What is the embryology of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 14

Invagination from oral ectoderm

Question 15

What are portal veins?

Answer 15

Veins between two capillary beds

Question 16

What are autocrine hormones?

Answer 16

Cells release substances that act upon its own receptors

Question 17

What are paracrine hormones?

Answer 17

Cells release substances that act upon neighboring cells receptors

Question 18

What are endocrine hormones?

Answer 18

Cells release substances into the bloodstream to act upon cells at a distant site

Question 19

What are synaptic hormones?

Answer 19

Precise release of substances onto a single cell at a synapse

Question 20

How is the hypothalamus connected to the neurohypophysis?

Answer 20

Via neural pathways

Question 21

How is the hypothalamus connected to the adenohypophysis?

Answer 21

Via blood vessels known as hypophyseal portal vessels

Question 22

What two nuclei found in the median eminence?

Answer 22

Supraoptic nucleus (SON)
Paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

Question 23

What are the two parts of the neurohypophysis?

Answer 23

Pars nervosa

Infundibulum

Question 24

What are the three parts of the adenohypophysis?

Answer 24

Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis (wraps around infundibulum)
Pars intermedia (between pars nervosa of Post pituitary and pars distalis)

Question 25

Where is the median eminence found?

Answer 25

Ventral portion of hypothalamus between mammillary bodies and infundibulum

Question 26

What artery supplies the posterior pituitary?

Answer 26

Inferior hypophyseal artery

Question 27

What vein drains the posterior pituitary?

Answer 27

Hypophyseal veins

Question 28

What artery supplies the anterior pituitary?

Answer 28

Superior hypophyseal artery

Question 29

What vein drains the anterior pituitary?

Answer 29

Hypophyseal veins

Question 30

How does the median eminence get its hormones to the anterior pituitary?

Answer 30

Nuclei there send hormones into superior hypophyseal artery-> portal veins-> adenohypophysis (action)

Question 31

Where do the SON and PVN send there axons?

Answer 31

To the posterior pituitary gland

Question 32

Other than the SON and PVN what is found in the median eminence?

Answer 32

Many other nuclei that send hormones via bloodstream to the adenohypophysis

Question 33

What does the anterior pituitary do in temperature regulation?

Answer 33

Detects increases in blood temp | Activates cutaneous vasodilation and sweating to lower temp

Question 34

What does a lesion in anterior pituitary result in?

Answer 34

Hyperthermia

Question 35

What does the posterior pituitary do in temperature regulation?

Answer 35

Detects decreases in blood temperature | Activates cutaneous vasoconstriction and shivering to raise temperature

Question 36

What does a lesion in the posterior pituitary cause?

Answer 36

Hypothermia

Question 37

What is the lateral hypothalamus nuclei control?

Answer 37

Feeding center so it tells you when you're hungry

Question 38

What does the ventromedial hypothalamus nuclei control?

Answer 38

Satiety center so it tells you when you're full

Question 39

What does the lateral hypothalamus express to set satiety point/tells of hunger?

Answer 39

Orexins

Question 40

What does a lesion in the lateral hypothalamus nuclei cause?

Answer 40

Anorexia

Question 41

What does a lesion in the ventromedial hypothalamus nuclei?

Answer 41

Overeating | Rage