Hypothalamus and Pituitary Overview

Question 1

What is the main role of the hypothalamic hormones?

Answer 1

Regulate adenohypophysis hormones

Question 2

What does permissive action mean?

Answer 2

One hormone regulates the affect of another hormone

Question 3

Down-regulation:

Answer 3

A decrease in density of receptors in response to chronic high concentrations of hormones

Question 4

Up-regulation:

Answer 4

An increase in the density of receptors in response to chronic low concentrations of the hormone

Question 5

What hormones are released from the hypothalamus?

Answer 5

GnRH
GHRH 
SS
TRH
DA
CRH
PIH

Question 6

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 6

FSH
LH
Growth hormone
TSH
Prolactin
ACTH

Question 7

What does GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) do?

Answer 7

Stimulates FSH and LH

Question 8

What does GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) do?

Answer 8

Stimulates (GH) growth hormone

Question 9

What does SS (somatostatin) do?

Answer 9

Inhibits (GH) growth hormone

Question 10

What does TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) do?

Answer 10

Stimulates TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Question 11

What is needed for GnRH to be released?

Answer 11

Kisspeptin

Question 12

What does PIH and DA do?

Answer 12

Inhibits prolactin

Question 13

What does CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) do?

Answer 13

Stimulates ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Question 14

What is the best way to test hormone levels?

Answer 14

Urine samples not blood samples due to diurnal cycle

Question 15

How are peptide hormones translated?

Answer 15

They are translated on rough ER as inactive preprohormones and cleaved to prohormones

Question 16

Where do prohormones go?

Answer 16

Packaged by the Golgi Apparatus for packing in secretory vesicles

Question 17

What occurs to prohormones in vesicles?

Answer 17

They are cleaved to active hormone and pro-fragment

Question 18

Where are the active hormones inside the vesicles stored?

Answer 18

In the cytoplasm

Question 19

When does exocytosis of peptide hormones occur?

Answer 19

When the cell is stimulated and in many cases Ca2+ initiates the process

Question 20

How are steroids made?

Answer 20

Rapidly from cholesterol and not stored

Question 21

What is a primary disorder?

Answer 21

Target endocrine gland disorder

Question 22

What is a secondary disorder?

Answer 22

Disorder on pituitary gland

Question 23

What is a tertiary disorder?

Answer 23

Disorder on hypothalamus

Question 24

What cascade does physical or emotional stress stimulate?

Answer 24

Stimulates hypothalamus to release corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), CRH travels to adenohypophysis stimulating ACTH release, ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

Question 25

What is the two level hierarchical feedback of cortisol release?

Answer 25

Cortisol inhibiting hypothalamus from releasing CRH | Cortisol inhibiting ACTH release from anterior pituitary

Question 26

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 26

ADH | OT (oxytocin)

Question 27

What does the paraventricular nucleus release?

Answer 27

``` CRH TRH SST DA AVP OT ```

Question 28

What does the periventricular nucleus release?

Answer 28

SST

Question 29

What does the Arcuate nucleus release?

Answer 29

GHRH SST DA

Question 30

What does the preoptic nucleus release?

Answer 30

GnRH

Question 31

What does the ventromedial nucleus release?

Answer 31

SST

Question 32

What does the supraoptic nucleus release?

Answer 32

AVP (ADH) | OT (more so than AVP)

Question 33

What does DA inhibit?

Answer 33

Somatostatin

Question 34

What does somatostatin inhibit release of?

Answer 34

GHRH

Question 35

What is the primary mediator of effects of GH?

Answer 35

IGF-1

Question 36

What affect does IGF-1 have on GH pathway?

Answer 36

Inhibitory

Question 37

What does IGF-1 affect on the hypothalamus?

Answer 37

SS release

Question 38

What is SS effect on the GH?

Answer 38

Inhibitory

Question 39

Ghrelin affect on hypothalamus?

Answer 39

Release of GHRH

Question 40

What does GH effect?

Answer 40

Stimulation of IGF-1 | Inhibits GHRH

Question 41

What channel does ACTH work on in the adrenal gland?

Answer 41

MC2R (melanocortin receptor-2)

Question 42

What is Pexacerfont?

Answer 42

A CRH-1 receptor antagonist

Question 43

What is Pexacerfont being investigated for?

Answer 43

Use in anxiety disorder

Question 44

What is high CRH found in?

Answer 44

Alzheimer's Major depression Suicide victims

Question 45

What stimulates release of TRH?

Answer 45

TSH | Low T3/T4 levels

Question 46

What does GnRH do?

Answer 46

Stimulates LH and FSH release

Question 47

What inhibits GnRH and LH/FSH release?

Answer 47

Testosterone | Estrogens/Progesterone

Question 48

What does DA inhibit?

Answer 48

Lactotrophs from releasing Prolactin

Question 49

What stimulates DA release?

Answer 49

Prolactin

Question 50

What stimulates release of prolactin?

Answer 50

Breast suckling

Question 51

What four disorders have links to dopamine?

Answer 51

1. ) Parkinson's disease: loss of dopamine 2. ) Schizophrenia: altered levels 3. ) RLS: decreased levels 4. ) ADHD: decreased levels

Question 52

What is used for a dopamine injection and why?

Answer 52

L-DOPA because it crosses the BBB