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Endo/Repro Exam 1 > Hypothalamus and Pituitary Overview > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main role of the hypothalamic hormones?

A

Regulate adenohypophysis hormones

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2
Q

What does permissive action mean?

A

One hormone regulates the affect of another hormone

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3
Q

Down-regulation:

A

A decrease in density of receptors in response to chronic high concentrations of hormones

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4
Q

Up-regulation:

A

An increase in the density of receptors in response to chronic low concentrations of the hormone

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5
Q

What hormones are released from the hypothalamus?

A 
GnRH
GHRH 
SS
TRH
DA
CRH
PIH
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6
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A 
FSH
LH
Growth hormone
TSH
Prolactin
ACTH
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7
Q

What does GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) do?

A

Stimulates FSH and LH

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8
Q

What does GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) do?

A

Stimulates (GH) growth hormone

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9
Q

What does SS (somatostatin) do?

A

Inhibits (GH) growth hormone

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10
Q

What does TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) do?

A

Stimulates TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

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11
Q

What is needed for GnRH to be released?

A

Kisspeptin

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12
Q

What does PIH and DA do?

A

Inhibits prolactin

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13
Q

What does CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) do?

A

Stimulates ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

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14
Q

What is the best way to test hormone levels?

A

Urine samples not blood samples due to diurnal cycle

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15
Q

How are peptide hormones translated?

A

They are translated on rough ER as inactive preprohormones and cleaved to prohormones

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16
Q

Where do prohormones go?

A

Packaged by the Golgi Apparatus for packing in secretory vesicles

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17
Q

What occurs to prohormones in vesicles?

A

They are cleaved to active hormone and pro-fragment

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18
Q

Where are the active hormones inside the vesicles stored?

A

In the cytoplasm

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19
Q

When does exocytosis of peptide hormones occur?

A

When the cell is stimulated and in many cases Ca2+ initiates the process

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20
Q

How are steroids made?

A

Rapidly from cholesterol and not stored

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21
Q

What is a primary disorder?

A

Target endocrine gland disorder

22
Q

What is a secondary disorder?

A

Disorder on pituitary gland

23
Q

What is a tertiary disorder?

A

Disorder on hypothalamus

24
Q

What cascade does physical or emotional stress stimulate?

A

Stimulates hypothalamus to release corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), CRH travels to adenohypophysis stimulating ACTH release, ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

25
Q

What is the two level hierarchical feedback of cortisol release?

A

Cortisol inhibiting hypothalamus from releasing CRH

Cortisol inhibiting ACTH release from anterior pituitary

26
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH

OT (oxytocin)

27
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus release?

A 
CRH
TRH
SST
DA
AVP
OT
28
Q

What does the periventricular nucleus release?

A

SST

29
Q

What does the Arcuate nucleus release?

A

GHRH
SST
DA

30
Q

What does the preoptic nucleus release?

A

GnRH

31
Q

What does the ventromedial nucleus release?

A

SST

32
Q

What does the supraoptic nucleus release?

A

AVP (ADH)

OT (more so than AVP)

33
Q

What does DA inhibit?

A

Somatostatin

34
Q

What does somatostatin inhibit release of?

A

GHRH

35
Q

What is the primary mediator of effects of GH?

A

IGF-1

36
Q

What affect does IGF-1 have on GH pathway?

A

Inhibitory

37
Q

What does IGF-1 affect on the hypothalamus?

A

SS release

38
Q

What is SS effect on the GH?

A

Inhibitory

39
Q

Ghrelin affect on hypothalamus?

A

Release of GHRH

40
Q

What does GH effect?

A

Stimulation of IGF-1

Inhibits GHRH

41
Q

What channel does ACTH work on in the adrenal gland?

A

MC2R (melanocortin receptor-2)

42
Q

What is Pexacerfont?

A

A CRH-1 receptor antagonist

43
Q

What is Pexacerfont being investigated for?

A

Use in anxiety disorder

44
Q

What is high CRH found in?

A

Alzheimer’s
Major depression
Suicide victims

45
Q

What stimulates release of TRH?

A

TSH

Low T3/T4 levels

46
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

Stimulates LH and FSH release

47
Q

What inhibits GnRH and LH/FSH release?

A

Testosterone

Estrogens/Progesterone

48
Q

What does DA inhibit?

A

Lactotrophs from releasing Prolactin

49
Q

What stimulates DA release?

A

Prolactin

50
Q

What stimulates release of prolactin?

A

Breast suckling

51
Q

What four disorders have links to dopamine?

A
  1. ) Parkinson’s disease: loss of dopamine
  2. ) Schizophrenia: altered levels
  3. ) RLS: decreased levels
  4. ) ADHD: decreased levels
52
Q

What is used for a dopamine injection and why?

A

L-DOPA because it crosses the BBB

Endo/Repro Exam 1 (17 decks)

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