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Endo/Repro Exam 1 > Embryology of the Reproductive Tracts > Flashcards

Embryology of the Reproductive Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

When is the sex of an embryo determined?

A

At fertilization by the sperm (X or Y) that fertilizes the oocyte

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2
Q

When do male and female characteristics begin to develop?

A

The seventh week; undifferentiated from weeks 1-6

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3
Q

At what week do the genitalia begin to have male and female characteristics?

A

Week 10

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4
Q

At what week is the phenotypic differentiation complete?

A

Week 20

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5
Q

At the end of the 3rd week what do cells from the primitive streak form?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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6
Q

What are the layers of the mesoderm from medial to lateral?

A

Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm

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7
Q

What is the mesoderm primarily responsible for?

A

Formation of the kidneys and internal genitalia and their ducts

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8
Q

Where does the urogenital ridge form?

A

On each side of the dorsal mesentery forming the nephrogenic and genital ridge

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9
Q

What gives rise to the urinary system?

A

The nephrogenic ridge

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10
Q

What gives rise to the genital system?

A

Genital (gonadal) ridge

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11
Q

What are the three slightly overlapping kidney systems formed from cranial to caudal?

A

Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros

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12
Q

What do the mesonephros arise from and when?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

Beginning of the fourth week mesonephric tubules appear

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13
Q

Where do the mesonephric tubules run?

A

Into the longitudinal wolffian duct

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14
Q

What are primordial germ cells?

A

Spherical sex cells that are recognizable at week 5

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15
Q

What are the two pair of genital ducts both male and female have initially?

A

Wolffian (mesonephric)

Paramesonephric (Mullerian)

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16
Q

What do the two wolffian and Mullerian ducts come together to form?

A

Uterine canal

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17
Q

What off the Wolffian and Mullerian ducts remain in each sex?

A

Wolffian: male
Mullerian: female

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18
Q

What do the indifferent gonads consist of?

A 
External cortex (mesothelial cells with primordial germ cell)
Internal medulla
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19
Q

What are the primitive sex cords?

A

When the mesothelium of the genital ridge proliferates and cells penetrate the underlying mesenchyme in the medulla (mesothelial cells dive into the cortex)

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20
Q

At what week are the two sexes still identical and called indifferent gonads?

A

Seventh week

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21
Q

What does male phenotype develop?

A

Seventh week

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22
Q

What gene is needed for males to become males?

A

SRY gene on the short arm of the Y chromosome

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23
Q

What does SRY gene code for?

A

Testis-determining factor (TDF)

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24
Q

Under influence of TDF what do primitive sex cords in the medulla become?

A

Differentiate into seminiferous tubules

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25
Q

What does SRY activate aside from TDF?

A

Sox-9 gene a testis-specific enhancer

Inhibits Wnt4

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26
Q

What does Wnt4 do?

A

Wnt4 inhibits Sox-9

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27
Q

What does the absence of a Y chromosome result in?

A

Default formation of ovaries

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28
Q

What does development of female phenotype require?

A

Two X chromosomes

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29
Q

When does ovarian development begin?

A

12th week of development

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30
Q

What gene is needed for female development?

A

Wnt4

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31
Q

What does Wnt4 gene do?

A

Inhibits Sox-9

Activates Dax1

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32
Q

What do Sox-9 and Dax1 work on?

A

Genital ridge to form testis and ovaries respectively

33
Q

What occurs to the medulla and cortex in males?

A

Medulla develops

Cortex degenerates

34
Q

What occurs to the medulla and cortex in females?

A

Medulla degenerates

Cortex develops

35
Q

In males, what do the mesonephric ducts give rise to?

A

Tubules of the rete testis and efferent ducts

36
Q

In the fourth month of male development what do the primitive sex cords give rise to?

A

Sertoli cells

37
Q

What do the Sertoli cells secrete?

A

AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone)

38
Q

What occurs to seminiferous cords?

A

They remain solid until puberty then become seminiferous tubules

39
Q

What forms the ovarian medulla?

A

Primitive sex cords dissociate into irregular cell clusters, later disappear and are replaced by vascular stroma

40
Q

What are cortical cords?

A

Second generation of cords that proliferate in the seventh week from mesothelium

41
Q

Where are mesothelium cells found?

A

In the cortex of the genital ridge (inside is the mesenchyme)

42
Q

What do the cortical cords do?

A

Penetrate the underlying mesenchyme

43
Q

What do the cortical cords become?

A

Differentiate into follicular cells wrapping around a primordial germ cell (primordial follicle)

44
Q

Why do the testis descend?

A

Due to the disproportionate growth of the upper abdominal region away from the pelvic region

45
Q

What is the gubernaculum?

A

Band of fibrous tissue along the posterior wall that extends from the caudal pole of the testes to the scrotum

46
Q

What do the remnants of the gubernaculum serve of as an adult?

A

Anchor the testes within the scrotum

47
Q

What does the peritoneum alongside the gubernaculum form?

A

Processus vaginalis

48
Q

What exactly is the processus vaginalis?

A

The out pouching of the peritoneum or the trail the testes leave behind as they descend until it closes

49
Q

At the distal end, the processus vaginalis remains, what is it called?

A

Tunica vaginalis of the testes

50
Q

What is failure of the testes to descend called?

A

Bilateral undescended testes (cryptorchidism)

51
Q

What is failure of the processus vaginalis to close called?

A

Hydrocele of the testes

52
Q

What occurs if the deep ring is too loose?

A

Congenital inguinal hernia

53
Q

What converts testosterone to DHT?

A

5-alpha reductase

54
Q

What do testosterone receptor complexes mediate?

A

Virilization of the mesonephric ducts to form vas deferens, seminal vesicles, efferent ductules, and epididymis

55
Q

What do DHT receptor complexes modulate?

A

Differentiation of the male external genitalia

56
Q

What does estrogen from the mother do to females?

A

Stimulates (Mullerian) Paramesonephric ducts to from uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper 1/3 vagina

57
Q

What do the Mullerian and Wolffian ducts form together?

A

Uterovaginal primordium initially when they are still separate and then fuse to form uterine canal

58
Q

What forms the Uterovaginal primordium (uterine canal)?

A

Two distal parts of the Paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian)

59
Q

What separates the Uterovaginal primordium?

A

Uterine septum

60
Q

What does the Uterovaginal primordium give rise to?

A

Upper 1/3 of the vagina
Fundus
Body
Cervix of the uterus

61
Q

What forms the lower 2/3 of the vagina?

A

Sinovaginal bulbs proliferate and form a solid vaginal plate

62
Q

What are the vaginal fornices?

A

Proximal 1/3 of vagina around the end of the uterus and of paramesonephric origin

63
Q

What is the lower 2/3 of the vagina derived from?

A

Urogenital sinus

64
Q

What are the POTENTIAL remnants of the wolffian duct in females called? (from closest to the ovaries to further away respectively)

A

Epoophoron

Paroophoron

65
Q

What may a epoophoron form later in life?

A

May form Gartner’s duct and cyst

66
Q

What does the mesonephric duct form in males?

A

Tail of epididymis, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens

67
Q

What is the role of AMH?

A

Released from Sertoli cells and causes paramesonephric ducts in males to degenerate except for a small portion at their cranial ends forming the appendix testis

68
Q

What forms on either side of the urethral fold?

A

Labioscrotal swellings

69
Q

What determines development of external genitalia in males?

A

DHT

70
Q

What forms the corpora cavernosa and spongiosum in males?

A

Genital tubercle now called the primordial phallus

71
Q

What determines development of external genitalia in females?

A

Estrogen

72
Q

What does the primordial phallus cause in males?

A

Pulls the urethral folds toward each other so that they form the urethral groove

73
Q

What occurs in female to form external genitalia?

A

Genital tubercle elongates to form clit and bulb of vestibule

74
Q

What occurs to urethral folds in females?

A

Do not fuse but form the labia minora; labrioscrotal swellings enlarge to for labia majora

75
Q

What does the urogenital groove form in females?

A

Stays open and forms the vestibule

76
Q

What is failure of urethral folds to close called?

A

Hypospadias

77
Q

In males what do the urethral folds do?

A

Close to form penile urethra (urethral groove is before it closes)

78
Q

What does the gubernaculum become in females?

A

Ovarian ligament

Round ligament of uterus

79
Q

Where do gonads arise from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

Endo/Repro Exam 1 (17 decks)

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