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BRS Term 2 > Introduction to the lungs (28) > Flashcards

Introduction to the lungs (28) Flashcards

1
Q

How does the structure of the left and right lung differ?

A
  • right lung has 3 lobes: superior lobe, middle lobe and inferior lobe
  • left lung has 2: superior lobe and inferior lobe
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2
Q

What is the name of the type of branching in the airways?

A

dichotomous

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3
Q

What is the carina?

A

the point at which the trachea splits into the 2 main bronchi (left- more vertical, and right)

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4
Q

When do the bronchioles occur?

A

after the first 3 generations of bronchi

  • -> airways narrow
  • -> no cartilage
  • -> conducting bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles (–> alveolar ducts)
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5
Q

What are the basic functions of the respiratory airways?

A

conduit/pipes to
- conduct oxygen to the alveoli
and - conduct CO2 out of the lung
^gas exchange

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6
Q

What is the structure of the alveolar wall?

A
  • no cilia or smooth muscle

- pneumocytes: type 1 and type 2

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7
Q

What is the structure of the alveolar wall?

A
  • no cilia or smooth muscle
  • pneumocytes: type 1 (fewer, but cover most of wall) and type 2
  • alveolar macrophages (can engulf pathogens and move up to mucociliary escalator)
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8
Q

What glues together the pneumocytes and capillaries at the alveoli?

A

basement membrane

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9
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

a common passageway for food, liquids, and air

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10
Q

What are the nasal conchae?

A
  • highly vascular

- contribute to warming and humidification of intranasally inhaled air

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the nasal hairs?

A

to trap large particles of dust and pollen, as well as bacteria

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12
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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13
Q

What is the organisation inside the airway walls?

A
  • layer of mucus
  • cilia
  • columnar ciliated epithelium w/ goblet cells (fewer)
  • basement membrane
  • submucosal gland
  • smooth muscle (when it contracts, it squeezes mucosal glands)
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14
Q

What are the lining cells in the airways?

A
  • ciliated
  • intermediate
  • brush
  • basal
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15
Q

What are the contractile cells in the airways?

A
  • smooth muscle (airway, vasculature)
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16
Q

What are the secretory cells in the airways?

A
  • goblet (epithelium)
  • mucous
  • serous (glands)
17
Q

What are the connective tissue cells in the airways?

A
  • fibroblast

- interstitial cell (elastin, collagen, cartilage)

18
Q

What are the neuroendocrine cells in the airways?

A
  • nerves
  • ganglia
  • neuroendocrine cells
  • neuroepithelial bodies
19
Q

What are the vascular cells in the airways?

A
  • endothelial
  • pericyte
  • plasma cell (+ smooth muscle)
20
Q

What are the immune cells in the airways?

A
  • mast cell
  • dendritic cell
  • lymphocyte
  • eosinophil
  • macrophage
  • neutrophil
21
Q

What is the arrangement of the submucosal glands in the airways?

A
  • mucus cells (in the submucosal gland) secrete mucus
  • serous cells in the gland secrete anti-bacterial enzymes
  • water and salts also secreted
22
Q

What are the functions of the airway epithelium?

A
  • secretion of the components of mucus: mucins, water and electrolytes
  • movement of mucus by cilia (mucociliary clearance)
  • physical barrier
  • production of regulatory and inflammatory mediators: NO, CO, arachidonic acid metabolites, chemokines and cytokines, proteases
23
Q

What is the 9+2 relationship in individual cilia?

A
  • 9 pairs of microtubules on outside, bound together

- 2 pairs of microtubules in middle, not bound together

24
Q

How do cilia beat?

A

in a metachronal rhythm
- hydrolysis of ATP causes thin dynein arms to take steps towards the minus end of the neighbouring doublet, generating a sliding force that can slide doublets apart if crosslinks are removed

25
Q

What are the 3 main functions of airway smooth muscle?

A
  • structure: inflammation stimulates proliferation–> hypertrophy and hyperplasia
  • tone: contraction/relaxation
  • secretion: inflammatory mediators, cytokines, chemokines
26
Q

What do smooth muscle cells secrete in response to cytokines?

A
  • NOS–> produce NO
  • COS–> produce prostaglandins
    ^^inflammatory mediators
  • immune cell recruiters: cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules
27
Q

What blood vessels return to the heart from tracheal circulation?

A

systemic veins

28
Q

What blood vessels return to the heart from bronchial circulation?

A

bronchial and pulmonary veins

29
Q

What are the functions of the tracheo-bronchial circulation?

A
  • good gas exchange between airway tissues and the blood (N.B. not pulmonary circulation )
  • warming of inspired air
  • humidification of inspired air
  • clears inflammatory mediators
  • clears inhaled drugs
  • supplies airway tissue+ lumen w/ inflammatory cells and proteinaceous plasma
30
Q

What is the effect of adrenaline on airways?

A

relaxation bc in response to stress, need to breathe more deeply

31
Q

What is the effect of NO on airway smooth muscle?

A

relaxation

32
Q

What is the effect of acetylcholine on the airway?

A

relaxation/dilation

33
Q

What respiratory diseases are associated with loss of airway control?

A

asthma, COPD, CF

34
Q

What is asthma?

A

a clinical syndrome characterised by increased airway ‘responsiveness’ to a variety of stimuli–> airway obstruction- varies over short periods of time, reversible spontaneously or w/ drugs

  • dyspnoea (shortness of breath), wheezing and cough (mild to severe)
  • airway inflammation–> airway remodelling
35
Q

What is airway remodelling?

A
  • structural changes due to/alongside chronic airway inflammation
  • alterations in the airway epithelium, lamina propria, and submucosa–> leading to thickening of airway wall
36
Q

How does an asthmatic bronchial layer differ from a normal one?

A
  • inc. mucus and goblet cells
  • inc. eosinophils in mucus and tissue
  • thicker basement membrane
  • inc. mast cells in lamina propria–> more histamine
  • inc. neutrophils–> inflammation
  • smooth muscle cell hypertrophy
37
Q

What are the 3 main characteristics of asthma?

A
  • airflow obstruction
  • bronchohyperresponsiveness
  • inflammation
38
Q

What are symptoms of asthma?

A
  • shortness of breath
  • wheeze
  • chest tightness
  • dry, irritating cough
39
Q

What is the role of T-helper 2 cells in asthma?

A

promote humoral immunity–> IgE antibody production–> inc. mast cell activity

BRS Term 2 (36 decks)

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