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BRS Term 2 > Cardiovascular disorders (34) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular disorders (34) Flashcards

1
Q

What is tako tsubo syndrome?

A

left ventricular enlargement- forms a shape like an octopus pot

  • ‘broken heart’
  • mimics myocardial infarction
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2
Q

What is the underlying cause of tako tsubo syndrome?

A

stressful event, mainly affects women

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3
Q

What are the effects of tako tsubo syndrome on cardiac output and life expectancy?

A
  • dec. cardiac output
  • ejection fraction around 40%
  • 5% mortality
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4
Q

How does tako tsubo syndrome present?

A
  • chest pain
  • inc. cardiac biomarkers
  • normal blood vessels
  • ST segment elevation on ECG
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5
Q

What are the components of a normal ECG?

A
  • P- wave- atrial depolarisation
  • PR interval- conduction through AV node (normal= 120-200msec)
  • QRS complex- ventricular depolarisation
    (N.B. large QRS complex- more muscle mass, wider- slower conduction)
  • ST segment- plateau phase at baseline
  • QT interval- total duration of ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation
  • R-R interval- duration between ventricular depolarisations–> so heart beat
  • cardiac axis- -30-+90 degrees
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6
Q

What are conduction abnormalities?

A

disorders that affect bioelectrical transmission along the heart

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7
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

disorganised electric activity and contraction

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8
Q

What is the underlying cause of atrial fibrillation?

A

spontaneously active cells throughout the atria (can be associated with pulmonary veins)

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9
Q

What is the effect of atrial fibrillation on cardiac output and life expectancy?

A
  • modest decline in cardiac output
  • people die from blood clot formed
  • risk of heart failure and stroke
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10
Q

How does atrial fibrillation present?

A
  • palpitations
  • chest pain
  • absent P-wave on ECG
  • ‘irregularly irregular’ rhythm
  • fibrillatory waves
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11
Q

What is Wolff Parkinson White?

A

syndrome causing tachycardia and abnormal cardiac electrical conductance

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12
Q

How does Wolff Parkinson White present?

A
  • palpitations
  • chest pain
  • pre excitation of QRS complex in ECG
  • biphasic T- wave
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13
Q

What is the underlying cause of Wolff Parkinson White?

A

due to an accessory conduction pathway (bundle of Kent) between atria and ventricles

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14
Q

What is the effect of Wolff Parkinson White on cardiac output and life expectancy?

A
  • cardiac output unchanged

- normal life expectancy

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15
Q

What happens in AV block type 1?

A

impaired electrical conduction through AV node

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16
Q

What happens in AV block type 2 and 3?

A

complete block of electrical conduction through AV node

must spontaneously contract itself

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17
Q

What is the underlying cause of AV block?

A
  • heart failure, MI

- fibrosis of the cells or calcification–> damage to AV node cells

18
Q

What is the effect of AV block on cardiac output?

A

usually dec. cardiac output

19
Q

How does AV block present on ECG?

A

type 1 and type 2: inc. PR interval (>200ms) bc inc. time current stopped at AV node

20
Q

What is Bundle branch block?

A
  • impaired electrical conduction in the right or left branches or in fascicles on the bundles of His
  • LBBB=harmful or RBBB=benign/asymptomatic
21
Q

How does Bundle branch block present on ECG?

A
  • RBBB and LBBB–> widening QRS complex (>120ms) bc slower depolarisation
  • fascicle blockage–> alteration in cardiac axis- left or right axis deviation
22
Q

What is the underlying cause of LBBB?

A

ischaemia or heart disease

23
Q

What is the effect of LBBB on cardiac output?

A

usually dec. cardiac output

24
Q

What is hypertension?

A

clinic BP> 140/90 mmHg

ambulatory BP daytime average > 135/85 mmHg

25
Q

What is the underlying cause of hypertension?

A
  • primary cause unknown

- various 2y causes (e.g. kidney disease)

26
Q

What is the effect of hypertension on cardiac output and life expectancy?

A
  • will potentially dec. cardiac output

- inc. likelihood of heart disease or end-organ damage

27
Q

How does hypertension present?

A
  • asymptomatic
  • requires BP monitoring
  • no specific ECG findings
28
Q

What is MI?

A

acute coronary syndrome resulting in cardiac tissue damage to coronary artery blockage

29
Q

What is angina?

A
  • pain or discomfort that typically radiates from the chest at rest (unstable-STEMI) or brought on by physical exertion or emotional stress (stable-NSTEMI)
30
Q

What is STEMI?

A

‘ST elevated myocardial infarction’

elevation of ST due to complete blockage

31
Q

What is NSTEMI?

A

‘non ST elevated myocardial infarction’

partial blockage

32
Q

What is a cardiomyopathy?

A

a disorder that affects the cardiomyocytes or cardiac muscle function

33
Q

What is heart failure?

A

when the heart is unable to maintain adequate circulation for the metabolic requirements of the body

34
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

percentage of how much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction

35
Q

What is preserved ejection fraction?

A

EF> 50%
- diastolic heart failure- heart muscle contracts normally but the ventricles do not relax as they should during ventricular filling

36
Q

What is reduced ejection fraction?

A

EF< 40%

- systolic heart failure- muscle of the left ventricle is not pumping as well as normal

37
Q

What is the underlying cause of heart failure?

A
  • cardiac damage (ischaemia, myopathy)
  • hypertension–> inc. after load–> HFpEF
  • valve disease
38
Q

What is the effect of heart failure on cardiac output and life expectancy?

A
  • dec. cardiac output, venous blood accumulation

- poor prognosis: 50% mortality rate < 5yrs

39
Q

How does heart failure present?

A
  • breathlessness
  • fatigue
  • fluid retention
  • non-specific ECG findings (might get enlarged QRS complex bc inc. muscle mass)
  • diagnosis by echocardiography and elevated natriuretic peptide levels
40
Q

What is the underlying cause of myocardial infarction and angina?

A

due to formation of an atheroma in a coronary vessel–> myocardial ischaemia/cell death

41
Q

What is the effect of MI on cardiac output and life expectancy?

A
  • depends on site, but usually dec. cardiac output

- high mortality if untreated

42
Q

How does MI present on ECG?

A

ST elevation in specific leads

BRS Term 2 (36 decks)

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