Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BRS Term 2 > Gastrointestinal cancers (43) > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal cancers (43) Flashcards

1
Q

What does primary mean in cancer?

A

arising directly from the cells in an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does secondary/metastasis mean in cancer?

A

spread from another organ, directly or by blood or lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What tumours do interstitial cells of Cajal give rise to?

A

gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What tumours do enteroendocrine cells give rise to?

A

neuroendocrine tumours (NETs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What tumours do squamous epithelial cells give rise to?

A

squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What tumours do mucus-producing glandular cells give rise to?

A

adenocarcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What tumours do smooth muscle tissues give rise to?

A

leiomyomas/leiomyosarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What tumours do adipose tissues give rise to?

A

liposarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the proportion of muscle types change as the oesophagus descends?

A

inc. smooth muscle and dec. skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma (oesophageal)?

A
  • cancer of normal oesophageal squamous epithelium
  • in the upper 2/3
  • caused by oxidation of alcohol
  • more common in less developed countries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is adenocarcinoma (oesophageal)?

A
  • cancer of metaplastic columnar epithelium (where there should be squamous instead)
  • lower 1/3
  • related to acid reflux
  • more common in developed countries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the progression from acid reflux to cancer?

A
  1. oesophagitis (inflammation)
  2. Barrett’s (metaplasia)
  3. dysplasia (low–>high grade)
  4. adenocarcinoma (neoplasia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the 5 year survival for oesophageal cancer?

A

<20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the management pathway for oesophageal cancer?

A
  • diagnosis by endoscopy–> take biopsy
  • staging: CT scan, laparoscopy (to see if spread)
  • treatment: curative…neo-adjuvant chemo–> radical surgery
    palliative. ..chemo/radiotherapy, stent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the forms of colorectal cancer?

A
  • sporadic: absence of family history, older onset, isolated lesion
  • familial: family history, younger onset. 1st degree relative
  • hereditary syndrome: family history, young, specific gene defects e.g. familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?

A
  • past history
  • family history
  • diet/environmental
17
Q

What is the clinical presentation in colorectal cancer by region?

A
  • 2/3 are in descending colon and rectum
  • 1/3 in sigmoid colon and rectum
  • caecal and right sided cancer presents w/ iron deficiency anaemia, diarrhoea, obstruction, palpable mass
  • left sided and sigmoid carcinoma: PR bleeding, mucus, thin stool
  • rectal carcinoma: PR bleeding, mucus, tenesmus (need to poo), anal/perineal/sacral pain
  • metastases: jaundice, cough, Sister Mary Joseph nodule
  • local invasion: bladder symptoms
18
Q

What are the signs of primary colorectal cancer?

A
  • abdominal mass
  • rigid sigmoidoscopy
  • abdominal tenderness and distention
19
Q

What are the signs of metastasis and complications in colorectal cancer?

A
  • hepatomegaly
  • bone pain
  • monophonic wheeze
20
Q

What is a colonoscopy?

A
  • can visualise lesions <5mm
  • small polyps can be removed–> reduces cancer incidence
  • usually performed under sedation
21
Q

What is CT colonography?

A
  • less invasive than colonoscopy
  • can visualise lesions >5mm
  • no sedation needed
22
Q

How is colorectal cancer primarily managed?

A

surgery

23
Q

What is the commonest form of pancreatic cancer?

A

pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA)

24
Q

What are risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

A
  • chronic pancreatitis
  • type 2 diabetes
  • diet (weak association)
  • occupation (insecticides, aluminium etc…)
  • cholelithiasis, previous gastric surgery and pernicious anaemia
  • cigarette smoking causes 25-30%PDAs
  • 7-10% have family history
25
Q

What inherited syndromes are associated with increased risk of PDA?

A
  • hereditary pancreatitis
  • familial atypical multiple mole melanoma
  • familial breast-ovarian cancer syndrome
  • Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
  • Lynch syndrome
  • FAP
26
Q

How does pancreatic cancer develop?

A

pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanIN)–> microscopic, not visible by pancreatic imagine
PanIN1–>PanIN2–>PanIN3–>metastasis (this is when it presents)

27
Q

How does pancreatic cancer present?

A
  • jaundice due to invasion or compression of CBD
  • weight loss
  • back pain
  • acute pancreatitis
  • GI bleeding
  • carcinoma of body and tail of pancreas often more advanced than lesions in head at diagnosis
28
Q

What methods can you use to identify/track pancreatic tumours?

A
  • tumour marker CA19-9
  • ultrasonography
  • dual phase CT
  • MRI
  • ERCP
  • EUS
  • PET
29
Q

What are the types of liver cancer?

A
  • hepatocellular carcinoma
  • ChCA
  • Gall bladder cancer
  • colorectal liver metastases
30
Q

How do we treat primary liver cancer?

A

replace liver

BRS Term 2 (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions