Introduction to the Definition and Basics of Biochemistry

Question 1

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is the branch of science that explores
the chemical processes and substances that occur
within living organisms.

Answer 1

Biochemistry

Question 2

plays a crucial role in understanding the
molecular mechanisms of life and provides insights
into various biological functions

Answer 2

Biochemistry

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has roots in early studies on the
chemical composition of living organisms, with
significant advancements in the 19th and 20th
centuries

Answer 3

Biochemistry

Question 4

3 scientists who paved the way for modern
biochemistry

Answer 4

Friedrich Wöhler, Eduard and Hans Buchner

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2 Scopes of Biochemistry

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Cellular processes
Interdisciplinary nature

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scope of biochemisry that explores the molecular mechanisms within cells, including metabolism, signal transduction, and gene expression

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Cellular processes

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scope of boichemistry which intersects with biology,
chemistry, genetics, and medicine, contributing to various
scientific disciplines.

Answer 7

Interdisciplinary nature

Question 8

3 Subfields of Biochemistry

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Protein biochemistry
Enzymology
Molecular biology

Question 9

Focuses on the structure, function,
and interactions of proteins.

Answer 9

Protein biochemistry

Question 10

Studies enzymes and their catalytic roles in
biochemical reactions.

Answer 10

Enzymology

Question 11

Examines the molecular basis of
biological activities, such as DNA replication and
transcription.

Answer 11

Molecular biology

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3 Techniques in Biochemistry

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Molecular imaging
DNA sequencing
Mass spectrometry

Question 13

Utilizes techniques like X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy for visualizing
molecular structures.

Answer 13

Molecular imaging

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Allows the determination of the order of
nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

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DNA sequencing

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Identifies and quantifies biomolecules
based on their mass and charge.

Answer 15

Mass spectrometry

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3 applications of biochemistry

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Medicine
Agriculture
Biotechnology

Question 17

What are the four major
bioorganic substance
found in living
organisms?

Answer 17

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic acids.

Question 18

Among these biomolecules, which is most abundant, by mass, in the human body?

Answer 18

Proteins

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2 biochemical substances

Answer 19

bioinorganic substances
bioorganic substances

Question 20

2 types of bioinorganis substances

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water
inorganic salts

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4 types of biooorganic substances

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proteins
lipids
carbohydrates
nucleic acids

Question 22

96% of living
organisms is made of:

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• carbon (C)
• hydrogen (H)
• oxygen (O)
• nitrogen (N)

Question 23

is a biomolecule composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Answer 23

CARBOHYDRATES

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has a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom.

Answer 24

CARBOHYDRATES

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The simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called a

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monosaccharide

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always have a 1:2:1 formula

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Monosaccharides

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3 examples of monosaccharides?

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* Glucose * Fructose * Galactose

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three classes of Carbohydrates

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Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

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simple sugars

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Monosaccharides

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3 examples of Monosaccharides,

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Glucose, fructose and galactose

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double sugars

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Disaccharides

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3 examples of Disaccharides

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Maltose, sucrose and lactose

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complex sugars

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Polysaccharides

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contain many molecules of simple sugars (usually glucose) linked in long chains called polymer

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Polysaccharides

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4 examples of Polysaccharides

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Starch, chitin, cellulose and glycogen

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are large biomolecules that are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen w/a small amount of oxygen ( fats, oils, waxes).

Answer 36

LIPIDS

Question 37

are insoluble in water because their molecules are nonpolar and are not attracted by water molecules

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LIPIDS

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The building blocks of lipids is the

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fatty acids

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are used for energy storage, insulation & protective coverings within the organism

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Lipids

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Two basic types of Lipids

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Saturated Unsaturated

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fatty acids have only single bonds

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Saturated

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(animal fats)

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Saturated

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fatty acids have either double or triple bonds.

Answer 43

Unsaturated

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(plant oil)

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Unsaturated

Question 45

The basic building blocks of proteins are called

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amino acids

Question 46

is a large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Answer 46

protein

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The building blocks of many structural components of organisms.

Answer 47

PROTEINS

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have similar structures, with the difference in the R- group.

Answer 49

amino acids

Question 50

are covalent bonds formed between amino acids.

Answer 50

Peptide bonds

Question 51

A compound, usually a protein, that acts as a catalyst for a biochemical reaction

Answer 51

Enzymes

Question 52

can be affected by temperature, pH, and ions that can affect the shape and function.

Answer 52

Enzymes

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is a complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code.

Answer 53

Nucleic acid

Question 54

Nucleic acids are polymers made of smaller subunits called

Answer 54

nucleotides

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are polymers made of smaller subunits called nucleotides.

Answer 55

Nucleic acids

Question 56

are arranged in three groups: a nitrogenous base, a simple sugar, and a phosphate group.

Answer 56

Nucleotides

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Nucleotides are arranged in three groups:

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nitrogenous base, a simple sugar, and a phosphate group.

Question 58

is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.

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DNA

Question 59

are the primary component for protein synthesis

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RNA

Question 60

meaning of DNA

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deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 61

meaning of RNA

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ribonucleic acid