Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards
is the science which deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms.
pharmacology
the art and science of preparing, compounding, and dispensing of drugs.
pharmacy
the study of the source of drugs
pharmacognosy
the study of drug dosages
posology
the study of weights and measures of drugs
metrology
study of how drugs produce effects on living organisms. Studies the mechanism and site of action of drugs.
pharmacodynamics
the study of the processes and factors which determines the amount of drugs at the sites of action at various times between the application or administration of drugs in the body and their elimination from the body.
pharmacokinetics
is the mechanism by which a drug produces an effect. it refers to where and how the effect is produced.
drug action
when drugs bind to molecules in some sites in the body and do not produce any perceptible effect
non-specific drug action
when the interaction of drugs with receptor molecules produce perceptible changes in the function of an organism.
specific drug action
is the change the drug produces in an individual that can be perceived and measured.
drug effect
drug induced change in an organism but a non drug substance like food can induce physiological and pharmacologic effects
pharmacological effect
stimulation of smooth muscles of the viscera, increased secretion of smooth muscles.
acetylcholine
are not drugs, but when administered in excess may produce exaggerated effects.
food and hormones
other example of pharmacological effects
- ingestion of too much water which leads to cell swelling
- overdose of insulin causes hypoglycemia
- Ingestion of oranges makes the animal more resistant to diseases
effects that maintains normal body functions
physiological effect
example of physiological effect
injection insulin reduces the blood glucose to normal concentrations in a diabetic patient
are mutually dependent, that is, one cannot be demonstrated in the absence of the other.
drug action and drug effects
study of the application of drugs for use in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases.
pharmacotherapeutics
study of harmful effects of drugs
toxicology
emphasis on the chemical properties of poisons
chemical
emphasis on diagnosis, prevention, anf treatment of poisonings with chemical substances including medicine
clinical
identification of substances in suspected cases of poisoning with the aim of solving a chemical problem
forensic
emphasis on promulgation of laws on safety of chemical substances in the environment or food for human, animal and plant population
legal
Categories of Pharmacology
molecular pharmacology
clinical pharmacology
veterinary pharmacology
study of basic mechanism of drug action on biological systems
molecular pharmacology
concerned with the rational development, effective use, and proper evaluation of drugs for the diagnosis, prevention and cure of diseases.
clinical pharmacology
concerned with drugs as they used in the diagnosis, treatment of animal diseases, and in the intentional alteration of animal physiology
veterinary pharmacology
2 requirements for drug activity
affinity
efficacy
tendency of a drug to combine with its specific receptor
affinity
inherent capacity of a drug to produce a response by itself
efficacy
a drug with affinity but without Intrinsic activity may produce a?
physiological change
is a drug that does not have intrinsic activity but binds with specific receptors
antagonist
is any drug or substance with specific affinity to a receptor.
ligand
are molecules to which a drug has specific affinity
receptors
in 1960 was discovered for parasite therapy.
benzimadazoles
the first discovered for parasite therapy was?
thiabendazolel
products that have been authorized by Agricultural and health ministers
veterinary medicines
produces in 1932 effective against bacterial diseases which led to the significant improvement in animal welfare.
sulphonamides
a drug having both agonistic and antagonistic properties
dualist
cannot produce an effect except in the presence of an agonist.
competitive antagonist
inhibits the action of an agonist by binding at a site other than the receptor.
non-competitive agonist
Features of the dose response curve
potency
slope
variability
a function of the drug’s affinity for the receptor, absorption, excretion, degradation rates.
potency
indicates the range of dosage over which the drug acts, from minimally detectable to maximally effective.
slope
in the same patient can be due to circadian changes, age, state of health, drug-indeed
variability
when one of the two drug has zero intrinsic activity. the drug with zero intrinsic activity is considered a potentiator.
potentiation
effect of a drug combination is greater than the separate effects of the individual drugs.
synergism
the combined effect of the drugs is equal to the sum of their individual effect
addictive effect
results from coulombic forces between oppositely charged ions
ionic bond
two atoms share a pair of electrons. it has high binding energy. it can be broken at very high temperature or intervention of catalytic enzymes
covalent bond
arises from the ability of a proton (H) to accept an electron pair. it is stronger than a covalent bond.
hydrogen bond
from very weak bond between dipoles or induced dipoles, often between similar atoms.
intermolecular forces
injection of the drug into rumen
enteral
the enteral route includes the oral route and rectal route
(by mouth, per os, per orem, p.o)
in the oral administration of drugs, absorption occurs mostly in the ___________ but in some cases may also occur in the _____________, _____________, and ____________.
duodenum
mouth, stomach, and colon
is the study of the rate of change from the initial state to the final state of a substance
kinetics
a constant percentage of the drug remaining in the site of administration is absorbed
first order kinetics
the actual amount of drug absorbed per unit time is the same regardless of how much of the drug remains in the site.
zero order kinetics
the time it takes for a drug concentration to be reduced to 50% its initial concentration
half-life
the total quantity of drug absorbed intact
bioavailability
when injected into the circulation stays confined to the cardiovascular system. its volume of distribution therefore is equal to the plasma volume
Evan’s blue or I-albumin
freely diffuses out of blood vessels but does not enter the cells
inulin or EDTA
readily crosses all epithelial barriers. it is used to measure total body fluid volume
Isotopic Water or antipyrine
are extracellular fluids but enclosed within epithelial tissues
transcellular fluid volume
removal of drug and drug metabolities from the body
excretion
inactivation of most drugs
biotransformation
terminated drug activity by removing the drug from its site of action into other sites within body.
redistribution of sequestration
refers to the biochemical processes affecting the pharmacological activity of drug and other substance.
biotransformation
reduction of drug activity
detoxification
normal anabolic and metabolic reactions ex. hormones
metabolism
is the most important site of drug biotransformation in the body
liver
are generally less active than the parent compound if not totally inactive
metabolities
the process of transforming and inactive or less active compound to a more active metabolite but the resulting does not always cause death.
lethal synthesis
microsomal enzymes also known a ____________ are a complex of proteins and heme which are located in the SER
cytochrome P-40 or mixed function oxidases
involves synthetic reactions conjugating the products of phase I reaction with metabolites normally present in the body such as glucoronide, sulfate, acetate and ornithine
