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General Veterinary Pharmacology > Introduction to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Introduction to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

is the science which deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms.

A

pharmacology

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2
Q

the art and science of preparing, compounding, and dispensing of drugs.

A

pharmacy

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3
Q

the study of the source of drugs

A

pharmacognosy

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4
Q

the study of drug dosages

A

posology

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5
Q

the study of weights and measures of drugs

A

metrology

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6
Q

study of how drugs produce effects on living organisms. Studies the mechanism and site of action of drugs.

A

pharmacodynamics

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7
Q

the study of the processes and factors which determines the amount of drugs at the sites of action at various times between the application or administration of drugs in the body and their elimination from the body.

A

pharmacokinetics

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8
Q

is the mechanism by which a drug produces an effect. it refers to where and how the effect is produced.

A

drug action

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9
Q

when drugs bind to molecules in some sites in the body and do not produce any perceptible effect

A

non-specific drug action

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10
Q

when the interaction of drugs with receptor molecules produce perceptible changes in the function of an organism.

A

specific drug action

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11
Q

is the change the drug produces in an individual that can be perceived and measured.

A

drug effect

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12
Q

drug induced change in an organism but a non drug substance like food can induce physiological and pharmacologic effects

A

pharmacological effect

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13
Q

stimulation of smooth muscles of the viscera, increased secretion of smooth muscles.

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

are not drugs, but when administered in excess may produce exaggerated effects.

A

food and hormones

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15
Q

other example of pharmacological effects

A
  1. ingestion of too much water which leads to cell swelling
  2. overdose of insulin causes hypoglycemia
  3. Ingestion of oranges makes the animal more resistant to diseases
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16
Q

effects that maintains normal body functions

A

physiological effect

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17
Q

example of physiological effect

A

injection insulin reduces the blood glucose to normal concentrations in a diabetic patient

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18
Q

are mutually dependent, that is, one cannot be demonstrated in the absence of the other.

A

drug action and drug effects

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19
Q

study of the application of drugs for use in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases.

A

pharmacotherapeutics

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20
Q

study of harmful effects of drugs

A

toxicology

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21
Q

emphasis on the chemical properties of poisons

A

chemical

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22
Q

emphasis on diagnosis, prevention, anf treatment of poisonings with chemical substances including medicine

A

clinical

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23
Q

identification of substances in suspected cases of poisoning with the aim of solving a chemical problem

A

forensic

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24
Q

emphasis on promulgation of laws on safety of chemical substances in the environment or food for human, animal and plant population

A

legal

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25
Q

Categories of Pharmacology

A

molecular pharmacology
clinical pharmacology
veterinary pharmacology

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26
Q

study of basic mechanism of drug action on biological systems

A

molecular pharmacology

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27
Q

concerned with the rational development, effective use, and proper evaluation of drugs for the diagnosis, prevention and cure of diseases.

A

clinical pharmacology

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28
Q

concerned with drugs as they used in the diagnosis, treatment of animal diseases, and in the intentional alteration of animal physiology

A

veterinary pharmacology

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29
Q

2 requirements for drug activity

A

affinity
efficacy

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30
Q

tendency of a drug to combine with its specific receptor

A

affinity

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31
Q

inherent capacity of a drug to produce a response by itself

A

efficacy

32
Q

a drug with affinity but without Intrinsic activity may produce a?

A

physiological change

33
Q

is a drug that does not have intrinsic activity but binds with specific receptors

A

antagonist

34
Q

is any drug or substance with specific affinity to a receptor.

A

ligand

35
Q

are molecules to which a drug has specific affinity

A

receptors

36
Q

in 1960 was discovered for parasite therapy.

A

benzimadazoles

37
Q

the first discovered for parasite therapy was?

A

thiabendazolel

38
Q

products that have been authorized by Agricultural and health ministers

A

veterinary medicines

39
Q

produces in 1932 effective against bacterial diseases which led to the significant improvement in animal welfare.

A

sulphonamides

40
Q

a drug having both agonistic and antagonistic properties

A

dualist

41
Q

cannot produce an effect except in the presence of an agonist.

A

competitive antagonist

42
Q

inhibits the action of an agonist by binding at a site other than the receptor.

A

non-competitive agonist

43
Q

Features of the dose response curve

A

potency
slope
variability

44
Q

a function of the drug’s affinity for the receptor, absorption, excretion, degradation rates.

A

potency

45
Q

indicates the range of dosage over which the drug acts, from minimally detectable to maximally effective.

A

slope

46
Q

in the same patient can be due to circadian changes, age, state of health, drug-indeed

A

variability

47
Q

when one of the two drug has zero intrinsic activity. the drug with zero intrinsic activity is considered a potentiator.

A

potentiation

48
Q

effect of a drug combination is greater than the separate effects of the individual drugs.

A

synergism

49
Q

the combined effect of the drugs is equal to the sum of their individual effect

A

addictive effect

50
Q

results from coulombic forces between oppositely charged ions

A

ionic bond

51
Q

two atoms share a pair of electrons. it has high binding energy. it can be broken at very high temperature or intervention of catalytic enzymes

A

covalent bond

52
Q

arises from the ability of a proton (H) to accept an electron pair. it is stronger than a covalent bond.

A

hydrogen bond

53
Q

from very weak bond between dipoles or induced dipoles, often between similar atoms.

A

intermolecular forces

54
Q

injection of the drug into rumen

A

enteral

55
Q

the enteral route includes the oral route and rectal route

A

(by mouth, per os, per orem, p.o)

56
Q

in the oral administration of drugs, absorption occurs mostly in the ___________ but in some cases may also occur in the _____________, _____________, and ____________.

A

duodenum
mouth, stomach, and colon

57
Q

is the study of the rate of change from the initial state to the final state of a substance

A

kinetics

58
Q

a constant percentage of the drug remaining in the site of administration is absorbed

A

first order kinetics

59
Q

the actual amount of drug absorbed per unit time is the same regardless of how much of the drug remains in the site.

A

zero order kinetics

60
Q

the time it takes for a drug concentration to be reduced to 50% its initial concentration

A

half-life

61
Q

the total quantity of drug absorbed intact

A

bioavailability

62
Q

when injected into the circulation stays confined to the cardiovascular system. its volume of distribution therefore is equal to the plasma volume

A

Evan’s blue or I-albumin

63
Q

freely diffuses out of blood vessels but does not enter the cells

A

inulin or EDTA

64
Q

readily crosses all epithelial barriers. it is used to measure total body fluid volume

A

Isotopic Water or antipyrine

65
Q

are extracellular fluids but enclosed within epithelial tissues

A

transcellular fluid volume

66
Q

removal of drug and drug metabolities from the body

A

excretion

67
Q

inactivation of most drugs

A

biotransformation

68
Q

terminated drug activity by removing the drug from its site of action into other sites within body.

A

redistribution of sequestration

69
Q

refers to the biochemical processes affecting the pharmacological activity of drug and other substance.

A

biotransformation

70
Q

reduction of drug activity

A

detoxification

71
Q

normal anabolic and metabolic reactions ex. hormones

A

metabolism

72
Q

is the most important site of drug biotransformation in the body

A

liver

73
Q

are generally less active than the parent compound if not totally inactive

A

metabolities

74
Q

the process of transforming and inactive or less active compound to a more active metabolite but the resulting does not always cause death.

A

lethal synthesis

75
Q

microsomal enzymes also known a ____________ are a complex of proteins and heme which are located in the SER

A

cytochrome P-40 or mixed function oxidases

76
Q

involves synthetic reactions conjugating the products of phase I reaction with metabolites normally present in the body such as glucoronide, sulfate, acetate and ornithine

A

General Veterinary Pharmacology (15 decks)

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