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General Veterinary Pharmacology > Clinical Dose Response > Flashcards

Clinical Dose Response Flashcards

1
Q

can be constructed for responses that are measured on a continuous scale, eg, heart rate.

A

graded dose-response curve

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2
Q

relate the intensity of response to the size of the dose, and hence are useful for characterising the actions of drugs

A

graded dose-response curve

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3
Q

can be constructed for drugs and elicit an all-or-non response, eg, presence or absence of epileptic seizures.

A

quantal dose-response curve

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4
Q

The percentage of the population requiring a particular dose to exhibit the effect can be determined from this curve. When these data are plotted as a cumulative frequency distribution, a ____________ is generated.

A

sigmoidal dose-response curve

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5
Q

for most drugs, the doses that are required to produce a specified quantal effect in a population are log normally distributed, so that the frequency distribution of responses plotted against log dose is a?

A

Gaussian normal distribution curve

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6
Q

is the ratio of rate constants for the reverse

A

Kd

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7
Q

reaction between the drug receptor and the drug-receptor complex

A

K1

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8
Q

ratio of rate constants for the forward

A

K2

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9
Q

also the drug concentration at which receptor occupancy is half of maximum.

A

Kd

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10
Q

drugs with a high Kd dissociate rapidly from receptors

A

low affinity

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11
Q

drugs with a low kd dissociate slowly from receptors

A

high affinity

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12
Q

examples of specific drugs include?

A

✓ atropine
✓ salbutamol
✓ phenoxybenzamine
✓ cimetidine

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13
Q

muscarinic antagonist

A

atropine

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14
Q

a B2-adrenoceptor agonist

A

salbutamol

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15
Q

an a-alergic blocking agent

A

phenoxybenzamine

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16
Q

which causes blockade of D2-dopamine receptors, a-adregenic receptors and muscarinic receptors.

A

phenothiazine

17
Q

a drug is the ration of the dose that results in an undesired effect to that which results in a desired effect

A

therapeutic index

18
Q

the therapeutic index of a drug is usually define as the ratio of ____________ to ___________ which indicates how selective the drug is in resulting in its desired effect.

A

LD50 to ED50

19
Q

Values of Ld50 and Ed50 for this purpose are derived from ______________ generated in animal studies.

A

quantal dose-response curves

20
Q

the information obtained from __________ is critically important when choosing between drugs and when determining the dose to administer

A

dose-response curves

21
Q

primary determinants of a drug’s clinical effectiveness

A

efficacy of the drug-receptor complex

22
Q

is derived from a quantitative dose-response relationship for a single animal and varies among individuals

A

Emax

23
Q

provides information concerning the dose range over which a drug elicits its effect.

A

slope of the graded dose-response curve

24
Q

when quantal effects are being considered information concerning pharmacological potency, selectivity of a drug action, the margin of safety and the potential variability of responsiveness among individuals is obtained from?

A

quantal dose-response curves

25
Q

an indication of the ability of drugs to reach the receptor is obtained for?

A

pharmacokinetic parameters

26
Q

pharmacokinetics parameters characterize the;

A

absorption, distribution, and clearance of a drug

27
Q

phenomenon is referred to as ___________ in the concentration-effect relationship.

A

hysteresis

28
Q

observed of a drug such as digoxin

A

counterclockwise hysteresis loop

29
Q

which distributes slowly to its site of action

A

digoxin

30
Q

refers to the concentration or dose of a drug required to produce 50% of the drug’s maximal effect.

A

potency

31
Q

how avidly the drug binds to the receptor

A

affinity

32
Q

occurs between receptor occupancy and response, which results in the EC50 for response being much less

A

signal amplification

33
Q

important only if it results in a need to administer the drug in large doses that are impractical

A

low potency

34
Q

for a quantal dose-response relationship is the dose at which 50% of individuals exhibit the specified quantal effect.

A

ED50

35
Q

also referred to as intrinsic activity. is the ability of drug to elicit a response when it binds to the receptor.

A

efficacy

36
Q

is the concentration of an antagonist that reduces a specified response to 50% of the maximal possible effect

A

median inhibitory concentration or IC50

37
Q

refers to a drug’s ability to preferentially produce a particular effect and is related to the structural specificity of drug binding to receptors

A

selectivity

38
Q

a B-blocker, binds equally well to 1-adrenoreceptors

A

propranolol

39
Q

a B-agonist used for treating asthma. binds selectively to B2-adrenoceptors.

A

salbutamol

General Veterinary Pharmacology (15 decks)

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