Autonomic Pharmacology Flashcards
Drug affecting the ____________ either stimulate or inhibit the parasympathetic of sympathetic components
Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic is equal to?
Cholinergic
Sympathetic is equal to?
Adrenergic
The predominance of one division over the other
state of tomus
maintains systemic blood pressure
sympathetic tone
maintains gut motility
parasympathetic tone
the major neurotransmitter at the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division
norepinephrine
postganglionic fibers are called?
adrenergic fibers
norepinephrine is also called?
noradrenaline
_____________ is the transmitter released at the peripheral motor portions of the autonomic nervous system and the fibers are called ___________.
Acetylcholine (Ach)
cholinergic fibers
is not used in clinical therapeutics
Ach
Reasons in which Ach is not used in clinical therapeutics.
- administration, causes too generalized but transient effect
- so readily hydrolyzed by plasma cholinesterase, cannot be detected in the plasma following absorption
include effects of acetylcholine on glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles
muscaranic effects
include the action of acetylcholine of the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia and the neuroeffector junctions
nicotinic effects
increased skeletal muscle concentration
neuroeffector junctions
a poisonous substance in certain species of mushrooms
muscarine
a substance derived from tobacco
nicotine
cholinergic drugs are also called?
parasympathomimetic or cholinomimetics
Directly acting cholinergics
✓ methacholine
✓ carbachol
✓ betanechol
✓ muscarine
✓ pilocarpine
✓ arecoline
indirect acting cholinergics (cholinesterase inhibitors)
✓ physostigmine
✓ neostigmine
✓ endrophonium
✓ pyridostigmine
✓ organophosphates
✓ carbamates like carbaryl and propoxour
Anticholinergics are also called?
parasympatholytics
Examples of anticholinergics
✓ atropine
✓ scopolamine
✓ glycopyrrolate
present in postsynaptic fibers
a1
present in both pre and post synaptic fibers
a2
chiefly in the heart
B1
in blood vessels, bronchi, etc.
B2
Classification of adrenergic receptors
✓ alpha adrenergic
✓ beta adrenergic
✓ dopaminergic
Blockage of cholinesterase action result in?
accumulation of Ach
Clinical Signs in Accumulation of Ach
- Muscarinic Signs
- Nicotinic Signs
Muscarinic Signs
✓ colic
✓ diarrhea
✓ dyspnea
✓ hypotension
✓ miosis
✓ excessive secretions
Nicotinic Signs
✓ muscle tremors than paralysis
✓ convulsions
✓ mania then coma
acting adrenergic (symphatomimetic) drugs include?
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- phenylephrine
- isoproterenol
stimulates both alpha and beta receptors
epinephrine (adrenaline)
mainly an alpha stimulant
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
apha stimulant
phenylephrine
beta stimulant
isoproterenol
a2 stimulants
xylazine, medetomidine
B1 stimulant
Dopamine
Components of nasal decongestant or ophthalmic vasoconstrictors:
naphazolene, tetrahydrozoline, phenylpropanolamine
Mixed acting Adrenergic drugs include;
✓ amphetamine
✓ Methamphetamine
✓ Ephedrine
✓ Pseudoephedrine
✓ Hydroxyamphetamine
Clinical uses of sympathomimetic
- adjunct to local anesthesia
- hemostatic
- mydriatic
- anaphylactic reactions
- bronchodilator
- local skin allergy
- decongestant
- cardiac arrest
- hypertensive condition
alpha adrenergic blockers;
- ergot alkaloids
- phenothiazine and butyrophenone tranquilizers
- tolazolinr, atipamezole, and yohimbine
- prazosin
are still best for shock
corticosteroids
it overcome the effect of excessive epinephrine by?
catecholamine secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla
Clinical uses for beta adrenergic blockers include;
- hypertension in humans
- reversing digitals-induced arrhythmias
- treatment of obstructive cardiomyopathy
- block the effect of excessive epinephrine in phaeochromocytoma
a rare disease on dogs and cats
obstructive cardiomyopathy
is the drug of choice to relieve symptoms of an acute hypersensitivity reaction to allergens
epinephrine
rapidly relieves itching and urticaria and may have save the life of the patient when laryngeal edema threatens suffocation
subcutaneous
is responsive to antihistamines
angioedema
necessary in the event of a severe reaction
epinephrine
secretes epinephrine in response to administration of nicotine
adrenal medulla
the ganglionic mediator of both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves.
acetylcholine
as a modified sympathetic ganglion response to acetylcholine
adrenal medulla
inhibit postsynaptic membrane depolarization
✓ atropine
✓ tubocurarine
✓ succinylcholine
how many percent of the total serotonin in the mammalian body?
2%
total serotonin in the mammalian body is located with the CNS, especially in what location?
pineal gland and hypothalamus
the enterochromaffin of the intestine contain about how many percent?
90%
endogenously produced amine chemically known?
5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
enterochromaffin cells resulted in the naming of the amine as?
serotonin and enteramine
catecholamines exert several metabolic effects, including?
hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia
caused by inhibition of glucose synthase, which uses GLUCOSE to make GLYCOGEN
hyperglycemia
which converts glycogen back to glucose
Glycogen Phosphorylase
beta receptor stimulation releases?
insulin
stimulation releases insulin
beta receptor
the predominant effect of catecholamines is to inhibit insulin release through?
alpha receptors
are irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors
organophosphates (OP)
Some deadly gases of Ops
✓ Disoproylfluorophosphate (DFP)
✓ Triorthocresylphosphate (TOCP)
✓ sarin
most important antidote to the effects of OP
atropine
blocks the muscarinic but not the nicotic effects
atropine
clinically useful only during the early stages of poisoning
Pralidoxime (2-PAM)
should not be given to animals poisoned with OP
Phenothiazine tranquilizers and opiates
what animals are especially resistant to the effects to atropine necause of the presence of a high concentration of atropinase.
goats and rabbits
most animals metabolize?
atropine
an animals that are also quite resistant to orally administered atropine, but may be responsive to parenteral administration
Horses and Cattle
Are animals that are sensitive to either oral or parenteral atropine
pigs, dogs and cats
drug of choice for leptospirosis
Doxycycline
most common anesthetic
xylazine
local anesthetic
xylazine and lidocaine
medical term of intense itching
pruritus
- test tube like with different cap color
- blood extract
vaccutainer
Brand name of antihistamine
cetirizine
used before zolitel
tetamine
