Introduction to Neuroscience (test 1)

Question 1

why do we have brains?

Answer 1

Daniel Welpert says we have brains to produce valuable and complex movements

Question 2

cardiac hypothesis

Answer 2

• Aristotle

- That the mind may reside in the heart

Question 3

Mentalism

Answer 3

• Aristotle

- the idea that there is something within us that the mind that controls behaviour

Question 4

brain hypothesis

Answer 4

• Galan
• think mind resides in the open spaces (ventricles) of the brain
• saw inside bodies of gladiators and saw all capillaries etc. going up to the top of body (brain)

Question 5

dualism

Answer 5

• rene descarte
• 1 material thing, body
• 1 non-material, soul
• mind resides in pineal gland because not on both sides of brain

Question 6

mind-body problem

Answer 6

• rene descarte
• thought that soul / mind governed the body
• body responding when stepped on brick got squirted

Question 7

phemology

Answer 7

• different parts of brain mediate different behaviours

- when there are deviations from the “ideal size” of parts of the brain that is responsible for potential issues

Question 8

Paul Broca

Answer 8

• had a patient who had a hard time getting their words out and found that there was brain damage damage to one area in the left frontal hemisphere of the parietal lobe
• strict localization

Question 9

Carl Wernicke

Answer 9

• began to argue against strict localization
  1) auditory infor travels temporal ears from ears
  2) sound processed into auditory representations
  3) auditory signals sent through arcuate fasciculus
  4) leading around lateral fissure to brocas area
  5) brocas areas sound representations are turned into speech movements
  6) info sent to muscles that control artiulators

Question 10

wernickes aphasia

Answer 10

• damage to temporal lobe
• speech movements could still be mediated in broca’s area
• speech would make no sense
• can speak at normal rate
• often unaware they aren’t making sense
• often have language comprehension deficits

Question 11

broca’s aphasia

Answer 11

• damage to parietal load
• loss of speech movements because of loss of sound representations
• typically no loss of understanding
• typically produce speech at 4 word phrases
• trouble speaking fluently

Question 12

Korbinian Brodmann

Answer 12

• Brain mapper
• looked at what brain cells looked like
  made educated guesses on what parts of brain do
• cytoarchitecture

Question 13

brain hypothesis

Answer 13

idea that brain is source if behaviour

Question 14

neuron hypothesis

Answer 14

a major unit of brain structure and function is the neuron

Question 15

Wilder Penfield

Answer 15

• in attempt to treat epilepsy began removing parts of cortex that they thought were the cause
• thought when was there why not stimulate parts of the brain and map out what parts of the brain map to what part of the body

Question 16

Patient H.M.

Answer 16

• died at 82
• knocked over by bike and hit his head
• began experiencing seizures
• lost ability to create new memories, after having hippocampi removed to help seizures

Question 17

darwins materialism

Answer 17

rational behaviour can fully be explained by nervous system

Question 18

psychometrics

Answer 18

measuring human mental abilities

Question 19

conduction aphasia

Answer 19

the inability of a patient to repeat what is heard

Question 20

topographical organization

Answer 20

left brain controlling right body

Question 21

patient V.K.

Answer 21

• lesion in dorsal stream
• able to name drawings and use visual information to identify objects
• difficulty scaling size of objects when reaching for objets

Question 22

patient D.F.

Answer 22

• lesion in ventral stream
• visual form agnosia, cannot identify objects visually
• cannot determine objects characteristics by holding object(s)

Question 23

ventral stream

Answer 23

conscious visual perception

what pathway

Question 24

dorsal stream

Answer 24

unconscious visual perception

where pathway

Question 25

Binding Problem

Answer 25

By studying individuals with damage to particular brain regions, memory researchers have found that different aspects of memories seem to be stored in different parts of the brain. As yet, however, researchers have not determined how these elements are combined into an integrated memory of an event or stimulus.

Question 26

T or F

Alcohol damage to organs is more severe and more rapidly developing in men than in women

Answer 26

true

Question 27

Why is taking aspirin before drinking alcohol potentially dangerous?

Answer 27

It prevents the gastric metabolization of alcohol by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 28

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by a deficiency of what?

Answer 28

Thiamine

Question 29

malingering

Answer 29

deliberately underperforming and misleading you