Introduction to Neuroscience (test 1) Flashcards
why do we have brains?
Daniel Welpert says we have brains to produce valuable and complex movements
cardiac hypothesis
- Aristotle
- That the mind may reside in the heart
Mentalism
- Aristotle
- the idea that there is something within us that the mind that controls behaviour
brain hypothesis
- Galan
- think mind resides in the open spaces (ventricles) of the brain
- saw inside bodies of gladiators and saw all capillaries etc. going up to the top of body (brain)
dualism
- rene descarte
- 1 material thing, body
- 1 non-material, soul
- mind resides in pineal gland because not on both sides of brain
mind-body problem
- rene descarte
- thought that soul / mind governed the body
- body responding when stepped on brick got squirted
phemology
- different parts of brain mediate different behaviours
- when there are deviations from the “ideal size” of parts of the brain that is responsible for potential issues
Paul Broca
- had a patient who had a hard time getting their words out and found that there was brain damage damage to one area in the left frontal hemisphere of the parietal lobe
- strict localization
Carl Wernicke
- began to argue against strict localization
1) auditory infor travels temporal ears from ears
2) sound processed into auditory representations
3) auditory signals sent through arcuate fasciculus
4) leading around lateral fissure to brocas area
5) brocas areas sound representations are turned into speech movements
6) info sent to muscles that control artiulators
wernickes aphasia
- damage to temporal lobe
- speech movements could still be mediated in broca’s area
- speech would make no sense
- can speak at normal rate
- often unaware they aren’t making sense
- often have language comprehension deficits
broca’s aphasia
- damage to parietal load
- loss of speech movements because of loss of sound representations
- typically no loss of understanding
- typically produce speech at 4 word phrases
- trouble speaking fluently
Korbinian Brodmann
- Brain mapper
- looked at what brain cells looked like
made educated guesses on what parts of brain do - cytoarchitecture
brain hypothesis
idea that brain is source if behaviour
neuron hypothesis
a major unit of brain structure and function is the neuron
Wilder Penfield
- in attempt to treat epilepsy began removing parts of cortex that they thought were the cause
- thought when was there why not stimulate parts of the brain and map out what parts of the brain map to what part of the body
Patient H.M.
- died at 82
- knocked over by bike and hit his head
- began experiencing seizures
- lost ability to create new memories, after having hippocampi removed to help seizures
darwins materialism
rational behaviour can fully be explained by nervous system
psychometrics
measuring human mental abilities
conduction aphasia
the inability of a patient to repeat what is heard
topographical organization
left brain controlling right body
patient V.K.
- lesion in dorsal stream
- able to name drawings and use visual information to identify objects
- difficulty scaling size of objects when reaching for objets
patient D.F.
- lesion in ventral stream
- visual form agnosia, cannot identify objects visually
- cannot determine objects characteristics by holding object(s)
ventral stream
conscious visual perception
what pathway
dorsal stream
unconscious visual perception
where pathway
Binding Problem
By studying individuals with damage to particular brain regions, memory researchers have found that different aspects of memories seem to be stored in different parts of the brain. As yet, however, researchers have not determined how these elements are combined into an integrated memory of an event or stimulus.
T or F
Alcohol damage to organs is more severe and more rapidly developing in men than in women
true
Why is taking aspirin before drinking alcohol potentially dangerous?
It prevents the gastric metabolization of alcohol by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by a deficiency of what?
Thiamine
malingering
deliberately underperforming and misleading you
