Introduction to Neoplasia Flashcards
Neoplasia
New tissue growth that is unregulated, irreversible, and monoclonal
What determines the clonality of B lymphocytes?
Immunoglobulin light chain phenotype
Benign vs malignant tumors of the epithelium
Benign
- Adenoma
- Papilloma
Malignant
- Adenocarcinoma
- Papillary carcinoma
Benign vs malignant tumors of mesenchyme
Benign
- Lipoma
Malignant
- Liposarcoma
Benign vs malignant lymphocyte
Benign
- Does not exist
Malignant
- Lymphoma/Leukemia
Benign vs malignant tumor of melanocyte
Benign
- Nevus (mole)
Malignant
- Melanoma
What is the purpose of the hemoccult test?
Tests for occult blood in stool. It along with a colonoscopy can be used to detect colonic adenoma before it becomes colonic carcinoma or carcinoma before it spreads
Ras can be considered a possible oncogene. By what mechanism?
- Mutated ras inhibits the activity of GTPase activating protein. This prolongs the activated state of ras, resulting in increased growth signals
- ras bound to GDP is inactive, ras bound to GTP is active
Carcingogenic agent: Aflatoxins
hepatocellular carcinoma
- Derived from Aspergillus, which can contaminate stored rice and grains
Carcingogenic agent: Alkylating agents
Leukemia/Lymphoma
- Side effect of chemotherapy
Carcingogenic agent: Alcohol
Squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx and upper esophagus, and hepatocellular carcinoma
Carcingogenic agent: Arsenic
Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung cancer, and angiosarcoma of liver
NOTE: Arsenic is present in cigarette smoke
Carcingogenic agent: Asbestos
Lung carcinoma and mesothelioma
- Exposure to asbestos is more likely to lead to lung cancer than mesothelioma
Carcingogenic agent: Cigarette smoke
Carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder, and pancreas
- Most common carcinogen worldwide; polycyclic hydrocarbons are particularyl carcinogenic
Carcingogenic agent: Nitrosamines
Stomach carcinoma
- Found in smoked foods; responsible for high rate of stomach carcinoma in Japan
Carcingogenic agent: Naphtylamine
Urothelial carcinoma of cladder
- Derived from cigarette smoke
Carcingogenic agent: Vinyl chloride
Angiosarcoma of liver
- Occupational exposure; used to make polyvinyl chloride for use in pipes
Carcingogenic agent: Nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica
Lung carcinoma
- Occupational exposure
Carcingogenic agent: EBV
- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and CNS lymphoma in AIDS
Carcingogenic agent: HHV-8
Kaposi sarcoma
Carcingogenic agent: HBV and HCV
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Carcingogenic agent: HTLV-1
Adult T- cell leukemia/lymphoma
Carcingogenic agent:High risk HPV(16,18,31,33)
Squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus, and cervix; adenocarcinoma of cervix
Overexpression of which growth factor is associated with astrocytoma?
PDGFB
Amplification of which growth factor receptor is associated with a subset of breast carcinomas?
ERBB2 (HER2/neu)
A point mutation of which growth factor receptor is associated with MEN 2A, MEN2B, and sporadic medullary carcinomas of thyroid?
RET
A point mutation of which growth factor receptor is associated with gastrointestinal stromal tumor?
KIT
Point mutation of which signal trasnducer is associated with carcinomas, melanoma, and lymphoma?
RAS gene family
A translocation of (9,12) with BCR of which signal transducer is associated with CML and some types of ALL?
ABL
A translocation at (8,14) involving IgH and what nuclear regulator is associated with Burkitt lymphoma?
c-MYC
An amplifiction of which nuclear regulator is associated with neuroblastoma?
N-MYC
An amplification of which nuclear regulator is associated with lung carcinoma (small cell)?
L-MYC
Translocation at (11;14) involvign IgH and which cell cycle regulator is associated with mantle cell lymphoma?
CCND1 (cyclin D1)
Amplification of which cell cycle regulator is associated with melanoma?
CDK4