Cell Injury and Adaptation

Question 1

Permenant tissue

Answer 1

Cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle

Nerve

Question 2

Pyknosis

Answer 2

Nuclear condensation

Question 3

Karyorrhexis

Answer 3

Fragmentation

Question 4

Karyolysis

Answer 4

Dissolution

Question 5

What reaction is catalyzed by superoxide dismutase?

Answer 5

2O2- + 2H-> H2O2 +O2

Question 6

What reaction is catalyzed by catalase?

Answer 6

2H2O2 -> O2 + 2H2O

Question 7

What reaction is catalyzed by glutathione peroxidase?

Answer 7

2OH- -> 2H2O

Question 8

Metaplasia

Answer 8

Replacement of mature cell type by another mature cell type

Question 9

What are the characteristics of necrosis?

Answer 9

• Always pathologic
• External
• Contents leak out
• Damage to adjacent tissue

Question 10

What are the characteristics of apoptosis?

Answer 10

• Physiological or pathological
• Directed cell death
• Nuclear dissolution, intact membrane
• No damage to adjacent tissue

Question 11

Hyperplasia can lead to cancer. What is the exception?

Answer 11

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 12

What are the causes of metaplasia?

Answer 12

Chronic inflammation and irritation

Question 13

What type of metaplasia changes cells from columnar to squamous?

Answer 13

• Bronchus of smoker
• Respiratory epithelium in vitamin A deficiency
• Uterine cervix inflammation

Question 14

What type of metaplasia changes squamous to columnar?

Answer 14

Distal esophogus exposed to acid (Barret’s esophagus)

Question 15

What is the site, morphology, and cause of fat change (steatosis)?

Answer 15

Site: Liver (most common), heart, kidney

Morphology: Well defined vacuoles in cytoplasm

Cause: Toxin (alcohol, drugs, CCl₄), diabetes, obesity, protein malnutrition, hypoxia

Question 16

By what mechanisms can alcohol result in fat change?

Answer 16

Hepatoxin alters mitochondrial/microsomal function, increased lipid synthesis/ reduce breakdown.

Question 17

By what mechanism can CCl₄ and protein malnutrition result in fat change?

Answer 17

Damage/ reduce apoprotein synthesis

NOTE: Apolipoproteins are proteins that bind lipids to form lipoproteins. They transport lipids in blood, cerebrospinal fluid and lymph.

Question 18

By what mechanism does hypoxia result in fat change?

Answer 18

Inhibits fatty acid oxidation

Question 19

Xanthomas

Answer 19

• Cholesterol in macrophages (acquired and hereditary hyperlipidemias)
• Yellow nodules, skin tendon

Question 20

Cholesterolosis

Answer 20

abnormal deposits of cholesterol esters in macrophages in gall bladder

Question 21

Mallory bodies

Answer 21

• made up of intermediate cytokeratin 8/18 filament proteins
• Accumulate in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes

NOTE: these bodies are classically seen in people suffering from alcoholic liver disease

Question 22

___________ can accumulate in the brain and cause Alzheimer’s disease.

Answer 22

Neurofilaments

Question 23

What is the morphology of hyaline change?

Answer 23

Homogenous, pink glassy appereance

Question 24

What is the morphology of glycogen change?

Answer 24

• Vacuoles in cytoplasm-dissolves in fixative
• Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain positive

Question 25

What is the morphology of abnormal deposition of calcium in tissue?

Answer 25

* Amorphous * Basophilic (blue) * Granular * Laminated (psammoma bodies) * May cause organ dysfunction

Question 26

What is the morphology of dystrophic calcification?

Answer 26

* Localized- necrotic tissue or aged/ damaged tissue * Normal calcium metabolism

Question 27

What is the morpholog of metastatic calcification?

Answer 27

* Deposits in normal tissue * Hypercalcemia-disturbance in calcium metabolism

Question 28

What are the possible causes of metastatic calcification?

Answer 28

* Hypercalcemia * Bone reabsorption * Vitamin D disorders * Renal failure

Question 29

Characteristics of coagulative necrosis

Answer 29

* Cell outline perserved * Eosinophilic cytoplasm * NO NUCLEUS * Cause: Ischemia \*Doesn't happen in brain

Question 30

Characteristics of liquefactive necrosis

Answer 30

* Necrotic debris * Enzymatic digestion **NOTE:** Enzymes from the microglial cells liquify the brain. Enzymes from neutrophils liquefy tissue. Enzymes from pancreas liquefy the pancreas.

Question 31

What is the cause of fat necrosis?

Answer 31

Calcium deposition

Question 32

Fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 32

Necrosis of blood vessels

Question 33

Symptoms of Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 33

* EKG changes * Chest pain * Elevated enzymes

Question 34

Where does gangrenous necrosis commonly occur?

Answer 34

Intestine, colon, limbs

Question 35

What is the major cause of caseous necrosis?

Answer 35

**TB infection** **NOTE:** This is a **macrophage-mediated** necrosis

Question 36

What are the causes of fat necrosis?

Answer 36

* Acute pancreatitis (pancreas, omentum) * Trauma (breast)

Question 37

What is the pathogenesis of fat necrosis?

Answer 37

* Enzymatic fat digestion w/ calcium depostition (saponification) * Dystrophic calcification (when calcium deposits on necrotic tissue) **REMEMBER:** In dystrophic calcification calcium is normal. in metastic calcification, calcium is not normal (hyperparatyroidism)

Question 38

What is the pathogenesis of fibrinoid necrosis?

Answer 38

* _Immune_ complex deposition vessel wall * inflammation, leakage of **fibrin**