Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism (IEM) Flashcards
IEM Amino Acid Disorders Topics
Urea cycle disorders
–_________ end product of amino acid metabolism
–__________an intermediate by-product
Organic acidemias
–Defects in ___________ metabolism
Urea
Ammonia
amino acid
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
Affected must have ___________ mutant recessive genes (aa) to express the IEM disorder
Homozygotes (aa) symptomatic early in life
Heterozygotes (Aa) asymptomatic __________
New mutations uncommon
Complete penetrance common
High proportion exhibit similar clinical symptoms at early age (often newborn)
two
carriers
Therapy of Metabolic Disorders/IEM
Restriction of toxic substrates
–_____________ in PKU
Providing needed/missing products
–___________ in urea cycle defects
Inhibitors of toxic products/byproducts
–2(2-nitro-4-trifluoro-methyl-benzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC) in ____________
Drugs to bypass/reduce metabolic block effect
–phenylbutyrate/benzoate in ______________defects
–_____________in isovaleric acidemia
phenylalanine
arginine
Tyrosinemia type I
urea cycle
glycine
Therapy of Metabolic Disorders/IEM
Pharmacologic amounts of vitamins to stabilize or bypass mutant enzymes (____________ in MSUD, __________ in MMA, _________ in biotinidase deficiency,___________ in homocystinuria)
Enzyme or hormone replacement (glucocerebrosidase in _____________, alpha-L-iduronidase in _____________, acid maltase/glucosidase in _________)
Organ transplantation
Stem cell therapy
Gene therapy
Thiamine; B12; biotin; B6
Gaucher disease; Hurler-Scheie; Pompe
Odors Associated with Amino Acid Disorders
Burnt sugar, curry, or maple syrup – _______________
Sweaty socks or cheese-like – ______________
Fruity, ammoniacal – ___________ or _________
Mouse urine, musty – ___________
Cabbage-like, rotten eggs – ____________
Malt or hops – ________________
Cat urine – ______________ and __________
Fish-like – ______________ and _____________
Maple syrup urine disease
Isovaleric acidemia
Methylmalonic acidemia or propionic acidemia
Phenylketonuria
Tyrosinemia
Methionine malabsorption
3-methylcrotonic acidemia, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric aciduria
Trimethylaminuria and carnitine excess
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Most common aminoaciduria individual incidence 1:10,000
____________ inheritance
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) on 12q24.1
–Mediates __________ to_____________- conversion
–>400 mutations of PAH identified
–98% PKU due to ______________
Defect in _______________- metabolism
–____________cofactor required for PAH activity
–2% PKU due to _____________- deficiency
–Called ‘malignant’ PKU
Phenylalanine (PA) shunted to form ______________ and other phenylketones (phenyllactate, phenylpyruvate)
-Odor?
Autosomal recessive
phenylalanine; tyrosine
PAH deficiency
tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
BH4
dihydropterin reductase
phenylacetic acid
–Mousy/musty/animal-like odor in sweat and urine
Classic Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Diagnosed by what age? _____________
–severe intellectual disability
–IQ 50 if no dietary restriction
–Inability to __________
Pale skin, blonde hair, blue eyes (similar to ___________)
Eczema skin rash
Aromatic amino acid: ______________ odor
Vomiting, irritability, hyperactivity
Widely spaced teeth
–Poorly developed _____________
Decreased ______________
6 months
speak
albinism
Mousy/musty
enamel
body growth
Diagnosis PKU
Newborn Screen: 2-3 days after birth
Normal at birth:
–Presence of ____________-enzyme during fetal period
______________ added to urine in presence of phenylalanine metabolites – resulting in __________ color
Increased plasma levels ____________-
maternal
Ferric chloride; dark green
phenylalanine (PA)
Treatment PKU
Dietary restriction of ____________with ___________ supplementation
Supplement other essential amino acids
Glucogenic: __________, _________, and _________
Glucogenic/ketogenic: ____________, _________,__________ and __________
Ketogenic: ___________ and ____________
Avoid __________ (artificial sweetener) contains PA
Phenylalanine levels followed at regular intervals
–1-2 X/wk in newborns; once per month older children and adults
Phenylalanine levels maintained at___________mg/dL
FDA approved ___________ as a treatment for PKU
Preliminary studies for injectable ________________, an enzyme substitute
PA ;tyrosine
methionine, histidine, valine
isoleucine, PA, threonine, tryptophan
leucine, lysine
aspartame
2-6
sapropterin
phenylamine ammonium lyase
Avoid High Protein Foods
Examples?
Meat, chicken, fish
Dairy products including milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream
Eggs
Nuts including peanut butter
Seeds
Vegetarian sources of protein including soy, tofu, legumes (beans), hummus
‘Malignant’ PKU
______________ deficiency
_____________ and progressive neurologic deterioration during infancy
–Due to decreased production of the neurotransmitters, ____________, ___________,_________, and _________
Untreated typically die <1 year of age
–‘Malignant’ PKU
Diagnosis
–Elevated _____________ and __________in blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid
–Decreased DHPR activity in __________
Treatment
–Diet low in _____________
–Supplementation with __________
–Neurotransmitter precursors ____________, ___________, and ___________
Dihydropterin reductase (DHPR)
Hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA)
dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
biopterin or neopterin
red blood cells
phenylalanine
BH4
L-dopa, carbidopa, and serotonin
Oculocutaneous Albinism (OCA)
Autosomal recessive
7 classical syndromes
___________: most severe type
–White skin, hair, eyelashes, eyebrows
–Irises completely translucent
–Visual acuity range of __________ to ________
–Photophobia, nystagmus, strabismus
–Symptoms do not vary with age or race
–_______________ unable to synthesize melanin from tyrosine (Type 1A)
–Increased risk skin cancer no tanning
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
RARE melanoma
Treatment
–Low vision aids, tinted glasses
–____________used in clinical trials
OCA1A
20/100 to 20/400
Tyrosinase
Nitisinone
Alkaptonuria/Ochronosis
Rare, autosomal recessive, relatively benign
Congenital deficiency of _______________ in degradation of__________to ___________
Build up of __________________
–Endogenous pigment, breakdown of _____________
–Urine darkens after prolonged exposure to air
___________ color in urine soaked diaper due to oxidized _________
–Dark HA deposits in
- Articular cartilage of joints with degenerative arthritis/debilitating arthralgias
- Intervertebral discs, external ear cartilage, bridge of nose cartilage
- Sclerae
- Heart valves (aortic stenosis), endocardium, pericardium, aorta
- Coronary arteries with earlier onset of coronary _______________
homogentisic oxidase; tyrosine ; fumarate
homogentisic acid (HA)
tyrosine
Black; alkapton
- atherosclerosis
Treatment Alkaptonuria
Reduction of ___________and ________
–Reduced ____________ excretion
Vitamin C, up to 1 g/d, for older children and adults
–Mild ___________ feature of ascorbic acid
–Helps to retard conversion of ___________ to polymeric material deposited in _________-
_____________, an inhibitor of the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
–Clinical trials ongoing, shows promise
–Mediates formation of ____________
–Markedly reduced urinary homogentisate excretion but safety of prolonged use unknown
phenylalanine ; tyrosine
homogentisic acid
antioxidant
homogentisate; cartilage
Nitisinone
homogentisic acid
Hereditary Tyrosinemia (HT) Type I Hepatorenal Tyrosinemia
Deficient ________________ on 15q23-25
____________ accumulates in _____________ and ________________epithelial cells
Severe, progressive ____________ disease
–Jaundice, cirrhosis
–Hepatic failure & death
–________________carcinoma (37%)
Renal tubular dysfunction
–_____________ syndrome
____________ acidosis
Aminoaciduria
Hypophosphatemia (due to phosphate wasting)
Neurologic crises – pain, paresthesia due to peripheral neuropathy
Rickets (_____________deficiency)
fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH)
fumarylacetoacetate ; hepatocytes; proximal renal tubular
liver
Hepatocellular
Fanconi
Renal tubular
vitamin D