introduction to neck Flashcards
1
Q
bones of the neck
A
cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone, manubrium and clavicle
2
Q
the hyoid is positioned at vertebral level ____
A
C3
3
Q
functions of the hyoid bone
A
maintain patency of pharynx
required for swallowing and respiration
4
Q
the hyoid is suspended by muscles that connect it to the ___, _____, ____, ____ and ____
A
mandible
styloid processes
thyroid cartilage
manubrium
scapulae
5
Q
the neck extends from _____ superiorly and ___ inferiorly
A
base of the cranium
clavicles
6
Q
anterior compartment that contains parts of the digestive and respiratory systems and several endocrine glands
A
visceral compartment
7
Q
posterior compartment that contains the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, cervical nerves and the muscles associated with the vertebral column
A
vertebral compartment
8
Q
lateral compartments that contain major blood vessels and the vagus nerve
A
vascular compartment
9
Q
superficial cervical fascia of the neck contains ____, ____ and _____
A
cutaneous nerves
superficial lymph nodes
platysma muscle
10
Q
tenses the skin, producing vertical skin ridges
A
platysma
11
Q
the platysma helps ______ and convey ____
A
depress the mandible
convey tension or stress
12
Q
paralysis of platysma from an injury to the _____ causes the skin to fall away from the neck in slack folds
A
cervical branch of facial nerve
13
Q
investing SCM and trapezius
A
investing layer of deep cervical fascia
14
Q
surrounds thyroid and parathyroid glands, trachea, esophagus and recurrent laryngeal n.
A
pre-tracheal fascia
15
Q
contains common and internal carotid a., internal jugular v., vagus n., and deep cervical lymph nodes
A
carotid sheath
16
Q
surrounds vertebral column and associated muscles, phrenic n., sympathetic trunk and vertebral a.
A
pre-vertebral fascia
17
Q
continuous with pre-tracheal fascia
A
buccopharyngeal fascia
18
Q
between more dense layers of deep fascia in the neck is loose connective tissue that forms clinically important potential spaces
A
retropharyngeal space
parapharyngeal spaces
prevertebral space
19
Q
pre-vertebral space ends inferiorly at ____ where the fascia blends with ____
A
T3
anterior longitudinal ligament
20
Q
the deep fascia and the fascial spaces are important because organisms originating in ___, ___, ___, and ____ can spread among the fascial planes and spaces and the tough fascia determines ________ and _______
A
mouth
teeth
pharynx
esophagus
the direction of spread of infection
path taken by pus
21
Q
the retropharyngeal space extends from _____ to _____ and lies posterior to ____ and ____ and is anterior to _____
A
base of skull
upper mediastinum
pharynx
esophagus
prevertebral musculature
22
Q
the retropharyngeal space is bounded by ____ anteriorly, ____ posteriorly, and _____ laterally
A
buccopharyngeal fascia
prevertebral fascia
carotid sheath
23
Q
retropharyngeal space is open inferiorly with ______
A
superior mediastinum
24
Q
parapharyngeal space is located in lateral neck and is shaped like an inverted cone with its base at ____ and its apex at ____
A
the skull
the hyoid bone
25
parapharyngeal space infections are potentially life threatening because of the possibility of _______
involving the carotid sheath and its vital contents
propensity for airway impingement
spread of infection
26
infection may also spread to other spaces particularly to the ____ and "danger" spaces possibly reaching ____ inferiorly and ____ superiorly
retropharyngeal space
mediastinum
skull
27
collection of pus located between the capsule of the palatine tonsil and pharyngeal muscles
peritonsillar abscess
28
most common deep neck infection is a complication of ____
acute tonsilitis
29
complications of peritonsillar abscesses
airway obstruction
aspiration pneumonia if the abscess ruptures into the airway
internal jugular vein thrombosis
carotid artery rupture
30
typical presentation of peritonsillar abscesses
severe sore throat and fever
hot potato or muffled voice
pooling of saliva
trismus (lock jaw)
31
typical presentation of parapharyngeal abscesses
trismus
swelling below angles of the mandible
medial bulging of the pharyngeal wall
system toxicity with fever and rigors
32
prevertebral space extends from ____ to ____ and is situated between ____ anteriorly, ____ posteriorly and _____ laterally
base of skull
coccyx
prevertebral fascia
vertebral bodies
carotid sheaths
33
infections including prevertebral abscess and cellulitis may be caused by ______, _______ or _______
URI or teeth infections
hematogenous spread
local inflammatory diseases (discitis and tendonitis)
34
SCM extends from ____ to ____ and _____
mastoid process of temporal
sternum
clavicle
35
SCM innervation
CN XI
36
SCM action unilaterally and bilaterally
unilaterally: tilts head to same side and rotates face superiorly and oppositely
bilaterally: extends neck at atlanto-occipital joints and flexes cervical vertebrae
37
the anterior triangle of the neck boundaries
anterior: midline of neck
posterior: SCM
superior: mandible
floor: larynx, pharynx, and thyroid gland
38
posterior triangle of the neck boundaries
anterior: SCM
posterior: trapezius m.
inferior: clavicle
floor: splenius capitis, levator scapulae, and middle and posterior scalene muscles
39
submandibular triangle boundaries
roof: deep cervical fascia
floor: mulohyoid and hypoglossus muscles, inferior border of mandible, anterior and posterior bellies of digastric muscle
40
_____ and ____ merge forming the retromandibular vein
superficial temporal vein
maxillary vein
41
posterior division of retromandibular vein unites with ____ to form ____
posterior auricular vein
external jugular vein
42
anterior division of retromandibular vein unites with ____ which empties into _____
facial vein
internal jugular vein
43
cervical plexus is formed by the ____ spinal nerves
anterior rami C1-4
44
cervical plexus lies anteromedial to ____ and ____ and deep to ____
levator scapulae m.
middle scalene m.
SCM
45
superficial branches of the cervical plexus are ____ and include: ____, ___, ___ and ____
sensory
great auricular
lesser occipital
transverse cervical
supraclavicular
46
deep branches of the cervical plexus are ____ which are roots of ____ and _____
motor
phrenic n.
ansa cervicalis
47
cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus emerge at the posterior middle border of the SCM and is called _____
the nerve point of the neck
48
suprahyoid muscles
digastric (anterior belly V3, posterior belly VII)
mylohyoid (V3)
stylohyoid (VII)
geniohyoid (C1 via CN XII)
49
infrahyoid muscles
omohyoid (ansa cervicalis)
thyrohyoid (C1 via CN XII)
sternohyoid (ansa cervicalis)
sternothyroid (ansa cervicalis)
50
depresses mandible against resistance; elevates and steadies hyoid during swallowing and speaking
digastric
51
elevates hyoid, floor of mouth, and tongue during swallowing and speaking
mylohyoid
52
elevates and retracts hyoid, thus elongating floor of mouth
stylohyoid
53
pulls hyoid anterosuperiorly; shortens floor of mouth; widens pharynx
geniohyoid
54
depresses, retracts and steadies hyoid
omohyoid
55
depresses hyoid after elevation during swallowing
sternohyoid
56
depresses hyoid and larynx
sternothyroid
57
depresses hyoid and elevates larynx
thyrohyoid
58
the deep muscles of the neck are encased by ____
prevertebral fascia
59
deep muscles of the neck
scalene (anterior, middle and posterior)
splenius capitis
60
flex head
anterior scalene
61
flexes neck laterally; elevates 1st rib during forced respiration
middle and posterior scalenes
62
laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to same side; acting bilaterally extends head and neck
splenius capitis
63
3 layers of viscera of the neck
endocrine layer (thyroid and parathyroid)
respiratory (larynx and trachea)
alimentary (pharynx and esophagus)
64
embedded on posterior surface of thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
65
thyroid is deep to ___ and anterior to ___
infrahyoid muscles
trachea
66
thyroid gland spans vertebral levels ____
C5-T1
67
the nerves of the thyroid gland are derived from ______
superior, middle and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia
68
nerves reach the thyroid gland through _______ that accompany the thyroid arteries and are ____ fibers
cardiac and superior and inferior thyroid peri-arterial plexuses
vasomotor
69
thyroid gland produces ___ and ____
thyroid hormone
calcitonin
70
the thyroid gland affects all areas of the body except _______
itself
spleen
uterus
testes
71
parathyroid gland produces _____
parathyroid hormone (controls metabolism of phosphorus and calcium)
72
parathyroid targets
skeleton
kidneys
intestine
73
blood supply to thyroid and parathyroid glands
inferior thyroid a.
superior thyroid a.
74
superior thyroid artery is a branch off the _____
external carotid a.
75
inferior thyroid artery is a branch of _____
thyrocervical trunk via subclavian a.
76
carotid sheath located lateral to _____ and deep to _____
pharynx
SCM
77
carotid sheath contains
common and internal carotid a.
internal jugular v.
vagus n.
deep cervical lymph nodes
sympathetic nerve fibers
78
usually lies on the anterolateral aspect of the carotid sheath
ansa cervicalis
79
carotid a. ___, the IJV ____ and vagus n. ____
medially
laterally
posteriorly
80
all peritonsillar abscesses are potential ____
parapharyngeal or retropharyngeal abscesses
81
ansa cervicalis branches are found deep to ____ and embedded in _____
pre-vertebral fascia
carotid sheath
82
ansa cervicalis supplies ____ innervation to ____, _____, and ____
motor
omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternthyroid
83
the superior root of the ansa cervicalis conveys fibers from spinal nerves _____ briefly joins and then descends from the hypoglossal nerve as it transverses the _____ region
C1-2
lateral cervical region
84
the inferior root of ansa cervicalis arises from a loop between spinal nerves ___ and ___
C2
C3
85
the superior and inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis unite forming a secondary loop consisting of fibers from ____
C1-3
86
the vagus nerve exits the cranial cavity through ____ and enters the carotid sheath and descends through the neck enclosed in this structure medial to ____ and posterior to _____
jugular foramen
internal jugular vein
common and internal carotid a.
87
the vagus nerve passes through the anterior triangle of the neck giving off: ____, ___, ___, and ____
motor branch to pharynx
branch to carotid body
superior laryngeal nerve (divides into external and internal)
recurrent laryngeal nerve
88
the right recurrent laryngeal nerve passes around ____ and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve passes ____ both ascend in _____
subclavian a.
behind arch of aorta
tracheoesophageal groove
89
near inferior pole of the thyroid gland you can find ____
recurrent laryngeal nerves
90
common surgical procedure involving the excision of part of most of the thyroid gland
thyroidectomy
91
given the location of the thyroid gland, there is a possibility of damaging ____ and ____
parathyroid glands
recurrent laryngeal n.
92
common carotid artery bifurcates near the level of _____ into internal and external carotid a.
superior border of thyroid cartilage (C4)
93
the external carotid a. ascends anterior to internal carotid and gives off: _______________
superior thyroid
ascending pharyngeal
lingual
facial
occipital
posterior auricular
maxillary
superficial temporal
94
the internal carotid a. contains the ____ which has baroreceptors
carotid sinus
95
dilation of the proximal part of internal carotid a.
carotid sinus
96
innervation of carotid sinus
glossopharyngeal n. through carotid sinus nerve
vagus n.
97
the carotid sinus is a ____ that reacts to changes in arterial blood pressure
baroreceptor
98
small, reddish brown ovoid mass of tissue on the medial side of the bifurcation of the common carotid a. close to the carotid sinus
carotid body
99
innervation of carotid body
carotid sinus n. (CN IX) and CN X
100
the carotid body is a _____ that monitors the level of oxygen in the blood
chemoreceptor
101
first part of subclavian a. branches
vertebral
internal thoracic
thyrocervical trunk (suprascapular, transverse cervical [superficial branch to trapezius and deep branch to rhomboids] and inferior thyroid [ascending cervical])
102
second part of subclavian a. branches
costocervical trunk (deep cervical and supreme intercostal)
103
third part of subclavian a. branches
dorsal scapular
104
flow reversal in vertebral artery on ipsilateral side of obstructive lesion in subclavian artery
subclavian steal syndrome
105
subclavian steal syndrome results from severe proximal _____ resulting in retrograde flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery
subclavian a. stenosis or occlusion
106
glossopharyngeal nerve exits the cranial cavity through ___ and lies deep to _____
jugular foramen
styloid process and muscles associated with the styloid process
107
glossopharyngeal nerve passes forward between _____ and curves around the lateral border of _____
internal and external carotid a.
stylopharyngeus muscle
108
the hypoglossal nerve courses over the top of _____ and then medial/deep to _____
internal and external carotid a.
posterior belly of digastric m.
109
hypoglossal nerve travels with _____
lingual a.
110
hypoglossal n. can get injured during the carotid endarterectomy causing tongue to point to _____
side of lesion
111
phrenic nerves crosses _____ , anterior to ____ and passes deep to _______ where it enters the thorax and travel with _____ to the diaphragm
anterior scalene m.
subclavian a.
subclavian v.
pericardiophrenic vessels
112
the superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglion lie anterior to ___ and posterior to ___ where the transmit ___ innervation to head and neck
deep muscles of the neck
carotid sheath structures
sympathetic
113
structures in posterior triangle of the neck
accessory n.
transverse cervical a.
trunks of brachial plexus
subclavian a. and suprascapular a.
external jugular v.
posterior branches of cervical plexus
114
lymphatic drainage is from the posterior neck and scalp
occipital nodes
115
lymphatic drainage is from the anterior surface of the auricle, the anterolateral scalp, the upper half of the face, the eyelids and the cheeks
parotid nodes
116
lymphatic drainage is from structures along the path of the facial artery as well as the gingivae, the teeth, and lateral parts of the tongue
submandibular nodes
117
lymphatic drainage is from the center part of the lower lip, the chin, the floor of the mouth, the tip of the tongue
submental nodes
118
drainage from occipital nodes pass to _____
superficial cervical nodes
119
drainage from parotid nodes, submandibular nodes and submental nodes pass to _____
deep cervical nodes
120
where are the superficial cervical lymph nodes?
located along external jugular vein
121
primarily receive lymph from posterior and posterolateral regions of the scalp
superficial lymph nodes
122
where are the deep cervical lymph nodes?
form a chain along the internal jugular vein
