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GRDA > introduction to neck > Flashcards

introduction to neck Flashcards

1
Q

bones of the neck

A

cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone, manubrium and clavicle

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2
Q

the hyoid is positioned at vertebral level ____

A

C3

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3
Q

functions of the hyoid bone

A

maintain patency of pharynx
required for swallowing and respiration

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4
Q

the hyoid is suspended by muscles that connect it to the ___, _____, ____, ____ and ____

A

mandible
styloid processes
thyroid cartilage
manubrium
scapulae

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5
Q

the neck extends from _____ superiorly and ___ inferiorly

A

base of the cranium
clavicles

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6
Q

anterior compartment that contains parts of the digestive and respiratory systems and several endocrine glands

A

visceral compartment

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7
Q

posterior compartment that contains the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, cervical nerves and the muscles associated with the vertebral column

A

vertebral compartment

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8
Q

lateral compartments that contain major blood vessels and the vagus nerve

A

vascular compartment

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9
Q

superficial cervical fascia of the neck contains ____, ____ and _____

A

cutaneous nerves
superficial lymph nodes
platysma muscle

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10
Q

tenses the skin, producing vertical skin ridges

A

platysma

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11
Q

the platysma helps ______ and convey ____

A

depress the mandible
convey tension or stress

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12
Q

paralysis of platysma from an injury to the _____ causes the skin to fall away from the neck in slack folds

A

cervical branch of facial nerve

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13
Q

investing SCM and trapezius

A

investing layer of deep cervical fascia

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14
Q

surrounds thyroid and parathyroid glands, trachea, esophagus and recurrent laryngeal n.

A

pre-tracheal fascia

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15
Q

contains common and internal carotid a., internal jugular v., vagus n., and deep cervical lymph nodes

A

carotid sheath

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16
Q

surrounds vertebral column and associated muscles, phrenic n., sympathetic trunk and vertebral a.

A

pre-vertebral fascia

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17
Q

continuous with pre-tracheal fascia

A

buccopharyngeal fascia

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18
Q

between more dense layers of deep fascia in the neck is loose connective tissue that forms clinically important potential spaces

A

retropharyngeal space
parapharyngeal spaces
prevertebral space

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19
Q

pre-vertebral space ends inferiorly at ____ where the fascia blends with ____

A

T3
anterior longitudinal ligament

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20
Q

the deep fascia and the fascial spaces are important because organisms originating in ___, ___, ___, and ____ can spread among the fascial planes and spaces and the tough fascia determines ________ and _______

A

mouth
teeth
pharynx
esophagus
the direction of spread of infection
path taken by pus

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21
Q

the retropharyngeal space extends from _____ to _____ and lies posterior to ____ and ____ and is anterior to _____

A

base of skull
upper mediastinum
pharynx
esophagus
prevertebral musculature

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22
Q

the retropharyngeal space is bounded by ____ anteriorly, ____ posteriorly, and _____ laterally

A

buccopharyngeal fascia
prevertebral fascia
carotid sheath

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23
Q

retropharyngeal space is open inferiorly with ______

A

superior mediastinum

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24
Q

parapharyngeal space is located in lateral neck and is shaped like an inverted cone with its base at ____ and its apex at ____

A

the skull
the hyoid bone

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25
Q

parapharyngeal space infections are potentially life threatening because of the possibility of _______

A

involving the carotid sheath and its vital contents
propensity for airway impingement
spread of infection

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26
Q

infection may also spread to other spaces particularly to the ____ and “danger” spaces possibly reaching ____ inferiorly and ____ superiorly

A

retropharyngeal space
mediastinum
skull

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27
Q

collection of pus located between the capsule of the palatine tonsil and pharyngeal muscles

A

peritonsillar abscess

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28
Q

most common deep neck infection is a complication of ____

A

acute tonsilitis

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29
Q

complications of peritonsillar abscesses

A

airway obstruction
aspiration pneumonia if the abscess ruptures into the airway
internal jugular vein thrombosis
carotid artery rupture

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30
Q

typical presentation of peritonsillar abscesses

A

severe sore throat and fever
hot potato or muffled voice
pooling of saliva
trismus (lock jaw)

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31
Q

typical presentation of parapharyngeal abscesses

A

trismus
swelling below angles of the mandible
medial bulging of the pharyngeal wall
system toxicity with fever and rigors

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32
Q

prevertebral space extends from ____ to ____ and is situated between ____ anteriorly, ____ posteriorly and _____ laterally

A

base of skull
coccyx
prevertebral fascia
vertebral bodies
carotid sheaths

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33
Q

infections including prevertebral abscess and cellulitis may be caused by ______, _______ or _______

A

URI or teeth infections
hematogenous spread
local inflammatory diseases (discitis and tendonitis)

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34
Q

SCM extends from ____ to ____ and _____

A

mastoid process of temporal
sternum
clavicle

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35
Q

SCM innervation

A

CN XI

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36
Q

SCM action unilaterally and bilaterally

A

unilaterally: tilts head to same side and rotates face superiorly and oppositely
bilaterally: extends neck at atlanto-occipital joints and flexes cervical vertebrae

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37
Q

the anterior triangle of the neck boundaries

A

anterior: midline of neck
posterior: SCM
superior: mandible
floor: larynx, pharynx, and thyroid gland

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38
Q

posterior triangle of the neck boundaries

A

anterior: SCM
posterior: trapezius m.
inferior: clavicle
floor: splenius capitis, levator scapulae, and middle and posterior scalene muscles

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39
Q

submandibular triangle boundaries

A

roof: deep cervical fascia
floor: mulohyoid and hypoglossus muscles, inferior border of mandible, anterior and posterior bellies of digastric muscle

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40
Q

_____ and ____ merge forming the retromandibular vein

A

superficial temporal vein
maxillary vein

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41
Q

posterior division of retromandibular vein unites with ____ to form ____

A

posterior auricular vein
external jugular vein

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42
Q

anterior division of retromandibular vein unites with ____ which empties into _____

A

facial vein
internal jugular vein

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43
Q

cervical plexus is formed by the ____ spinal nerves

A

anterior rami C1-4

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44
Q

cervical plexus lies anteromedial to ____ and ____ and deep to ____

A

levator scapulae m.
middle scalene m.
SCM

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45
Q

superficial branches of the cervical plexus are ____ and include: ____, ___, ___ and ____

A

sensory
great auricular
lesser occipital
transverse cervical
supraclavicular

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46
Q

deep branches of the cervical plexus are ____ which are roots of ____ and _____

A

motor
phrenic n.
ansa cervicalis

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47
Q

cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus emerge at the posterior middle border of the SCM and is called _____

A

the nerve point of the neck

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48
Q

suprahyoid muscles

A

digastric (anterior belly V3, posterior belly VII)
mylohyoid (V3)
stylohyoid (VII)
geniohyoid (C1 via CN XII)

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49
Q

infrahyoid muscles

A

omohyoid (ansa cervicalis)
thyrohyoid (C1 via CN XII)
sternohyoid (ansa cervicalis)
sternothyroid (ansa cervicalis)

50
Q

depresses mandible against resistance; elevates and steadies hyoid during swallowing and speaking

A

digastric

51
Q

elevates hyoid, floor of mouth, and tongue during swallowing and speaking

A

mylohyoid

52
Q

elevates and retracts hyoid, thus elongating floor of mouth

A

stylohyoid

53
Q

pulls hyoid anterosuperiorly; shortens floor of mouth; widens pharynx

A

geniohyoid

54
Q

depresses, retracts and steadies hyoid

A

omohyoid

55
Q

depresses hyoid after elevation during swallowing

A

sternohyoid

56
Q

depresses hyoid and larynx

A

sternothyroid

57
Q

depresses hyoid and elevates larynx

A

thyrohyoid

58
Q

the deep muscles of the neck are encased by ____

A

prevertebral fascia

59
Q

deep muscles of the neck

A

scalene (anterior, middle and posterior)
splenius capitis

60
Q

flex head

A

anterior scalene

61
Q

flexes neck laterally; elevates 1st rib during forced respiration

A

middle and posterior scalenes

62
Q

laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to same side; acting bilaterally extends head and neck

A

splenius capitis

63
Q

3 layers of viscera of the neck

A

endocrine layer (thyroid and parathyroid)
respiratory (larynx and trachea)
alimentary (pharynx and esophagus)

64
Q

embedded on posterior surface of thyroid gland

A

parathyroid glands

65
Q

thyroid is deep to ___ and anterior to ___

A

infrahyoid muscles
trachea

66
Q

thyroid gland spans vertebral levels ____

A

C5-T1

67
Q

the nerves of the thyroid gland are derived from ______

A

superior, middle and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia

68
Q

nerves reach the thyroid gland through _______ that accompany the thyroid arteries and are ____ fibers

A

cardiac and superior and inferior thyroid peri-arterial plexuses
vasomotor

69
Q

thyroid gland produces ___ and ____

A

thyroid hormone
calcitonin

70
Q

the thyroid gland affects all areas of the body except _______

A

itself
spleen
uterus
testes

71
Q

parathyroid gland produces _____

A

parathyroid hormone (controls metabolism of phosphorus and calcium)

72
Q

parathyroid targets

A

skeleton
kidneys
intestine

73
Q

blood supply to thyroid and parathyroid glands

A

inferior thyroid a.
superior thyroid a.

74
Q

superior thyroid artery is a branch off the _____

A

external carotid a.

75
Q

inferior thyroid artery is a branch of _____

A

thyrocervical trunk via subclavian a.

76
Q

carotid sheath located lateral to _____ and deep to _____

A

pharynx
SCM

77
Q

carotid sheath contains

A

common and internal carotid a.
internal jugular v.
vagus n.
deep cervical lymph nodes
sympathetic nerve fibers

78
Q

usually lies on the anterolateral aspect of the carotid sheath

A

ansa cervicalis

79
Q

carotid a. ___, the IJV ____ and vagus n. ____

A

medially
laterally
posteriorly

80
Q

all peritonsillar abscesses are potential ____

A

parapharyngeal or retropharyngeal abscesses

81
Q

ansa cervicalis branches are found deep to ____ and embedded in _____

A

pre-vertebral fascia
carotid sheath

82
Q

ansa cervicalis supplies ____ innervation to ____, _____, and ____

A

motor
omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternthyroid

83
Q

the superior root of the ansa cervicalis conveys fibers from spinal nerves _____ briefly joins and then descends from the hypoglossal nerve as it transverses the _____ region

A

C1-2
lateral cervical region

84
Q

the inferior root of ansa cervicalis arises from a loop between spinal nerves ___ and ___

A

C2
C3

85
Q

the superior and inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis unite forming a secondary loop consisting of fibers from ____

A

C1-3

86
Q

the vagus nerve exits the cranial cavity through ____ and enters the carotid sheath and descends through the neck enclosed in this structure medial to ____ and posterior to _____

A

jugular foramen
internal jugular vein
common and internal carotid a.

87
Q

the vagus nerve passes through the anterior triangle of the neck giving off: ____, ___, ___, and ____

A

motor branch to pharynx
branch to carotid body
superior laryngeal nerve (divides into external and internal)
recurrent laryngeal nerve

88
Q

the right recurrent laryngeal nerve passes around ____ and the left recurrent laryngeal nerve passes ____ both ascend in _____

A

subclavian a.
behind arch of aorta
tracheoesophageal groove

89
Q

near inferior pole of the thyroid gland you can find ____

A

recurrent laryngeal nerves

90
Q

common surgical procedure involving the excision of part of most of the thyroid gland

A

thyroidectomy

91
Q

given the location of the thyroid gland, there is a possibility of damaging ____ and ____

A

parathyroid glands
recurrent laryngeal n.

92
Q

common carotid artery bifurcates near the level of _____ into internal and external carotid a.

A

superior border of thyroid cartilage (C4)

93
Q

the external carotid a. ascends anterior to internal carotid and gives off: _______________

A

superior thyroid
ascending pharyngeal
lingual
facial
occipital
posterior auricular
maxillary
superficial temporal

94
Q

the internal carotid a. contains the ____ which has baroreceptors

A

carotid sinus

95
Q

dilation of the proximal part of internal carotid a.

A

carotid sinus

96
Q

innervation of carotid sinus

A

glossopharyngeal n. through carotid sinus nerve
vagus n.

97
Q

the carotid sinus is a ____ that reacts to changes in arterial blood pressure

A

baroreceptor

98
Q

small, reddish brown ovoid mass of tissue on the medial side of the bifurcation of the common carotid a. close to the carotid sinus

A

carotid body

99
Q

innervation of carotid body

A

carotid sinus n. (CN IX) and CN X

100
Q

the carotid body is a _____ that monitors the level of oxygen in the blood

A

chemoreceptor

101
Q

first part of subclavian a. branches

A

vertebral
internal thoracic
thyrocervical trunk (suprascapular, transverse cervical [superficial branch to trapezius and deep branch to rhomboids] and inferior thyroid [ascending cervical])

102
Q

second part of subclavian a. branches

A

costocervical trunk (deep cervical and supreme intercostal)

103
Q

third part of subclavian a. branches

A

dorsal scapular

104
Q

flow reversal in vertebral artery on ipsilateral side of obstructive lesion in subclavian artery

A

subclavian steal syndrome

105
Q

subclavian steal syndrome results from severe proximal _____ resulting in retrograde flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery

A

subclavian a. stenosis or occlusion

106
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve exits the cranial cavity through ___ and lies deep to _____

A

jugular foramen
styloid process and muscles associated with the styloid process

107
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve passes forward between _____ and curves around the lateral border of _____

A

internal and external carotid a.
stylopharyngeus muscle

108
Q

the hypoglossal nerve courses over the top of _____ and then medial/deep to _____

A

internal and external carotid a.
posterior belly of digastric m.

109
Q

hypoglossal nerve travels with _____

A

lingual a.

110
Q

hypoglossal n. can get injured during the carotid endarterectomy causing tongue to point to _____

A

side of lesion

111
Q

phrenic nerves crosses _____ , anterior to ____ and passes deep to _______ where it enters the thorax and travel with _____ to the diaphragm

A

anterior scalene m.
subclavian a.
subclavian v.
pericardiophrenic vessels

112
Q

the superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglion lie anterior to ___ and posterior to ___ where the transmit ___ innervation to head and neck

A

deep muscles of the neck
carotid sheath structures
sympathetic

113
Q

structures in posterior triangle of the neck

A

accessory n.
transverse cervical a.
trunks of brachial plexus
subclavian a. and suprascapular a.
external jugular v.
posterior branches of cervical plexus

114
Q

lymphatic drainage is from the posterior neck and scalp

A

occipital nodes

115
Q

lymphatic drainage is from the anterior surface of the auricle, the anterolateral scalp, the upper half of the face, the eyelids and the cheeks

A

parotid nodes

116
Q

lymphatic drainage is from structures along the path of the facial artery as well as the gingivae, the teeth, and lateral parts of the tongue

A

submandibular nodes

117
Q

lymphatic drainage is from the center part of the lower lip, the chin, the floor of the mouth, the tip of the tongue

A

submental nodes

118
Q

drainage from occipital nodes pass to _____

A

superficial cervical nodes

119
Q

drainage from parotid nodes, submandibular nodes and submental nodes pass to _____

A

deep cervical nodes

120
Q

where are the superficial cervical lymph nodes?

A

located along external jugular vein

121
Q

primarily receive lymph from posterior and posterolateral regions of the scalp

A

superficial lymph nodes

122
Q

where are the deep cervical lymph nodes?

A

form a chain along the internal jugular vein

GRDA (13 decks)

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