introduction to cranial nerves Flashcards by Toni Henry

motor for skeletal muscle contraction

GSE

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GSE cell bodies in the ___ synapse on skeletal muscle

ventral horn

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sensations of pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception

GSA

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GSA cell bodies in ___ or ____

dorsal root ganglia
cranial nerve sensory ganglia

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motor to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

GVE

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GVE make up ____

autonomic nervous system

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GVE are ___ neuron chain

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GVE preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies in ___ between levels of ____ and postganglionic cell bodies in ____ and ___ ganglia

lateral horn/IMLCC
T1-L2
paravertebral
prevertebral

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GVE preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies in _____ and postganglionic cell bodies in ____

CNS
cranial ganglia or ganglia within walls of viscera

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sensations of stretch, pain, ischemia and visceral reflexes

GVA

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GVA cell bodies in ___ or ____

dorsal root ganglia
cranial nerve sensory ganglia

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special senses that respond to a physical stimulus (light and sound)

SSA

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SSA include __, ____, and ____

vision
hearing
balance

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SSA cell bodies in ___, ____, and ___ ganglia

retina
vestibular
spiral ganglia

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special sense that respond to chemical stimulus (volatile compounds in liquid or aerosolized forms)

SVA

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SVA includes ____ and ___

taste
smell

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SVA cell bodies in ___ and ____

olfactory organ
associated cranial nerve sensory ganglia

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motor for skeletal muscle contraction to muscles derived from the pharyngeal arches

SVE

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SVE cell bodies in ____

nuclei of brain

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CN I

olfactory

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CN II

optic

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CN III

oculomotor

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CN IV

trochlear

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CN V

trigeminal

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CN VI

abducent

CN VII

facial

CN VIII

vestibulocochlear

CN IX

glossopharyngeal

CN X

vagus

CN XI

accessory spinal

CN XII

hypoglossal

olfactory nerve originates from ____

forebrain (telencephalon)

olfactory functional component

SVA

olfactory special sense

smell

olfactory nerve exits skull via ____

cribriform plate of ethmoid

optic nerve originates from ____

forebrain (diencephalon)

optic nerve functional component

SSA

optic nerve special sense

vision

optic nerve exits skull via _____

optic canal/foramen of sphenoid

trochlear nerve originates from _____

midbrain

trochlear nerve functional component

GSE

trochlear nerve provides motor innervation to _____

superior oblique muscle

trochlear nerve exits the skull via ____

superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone

courses through lateral wall of cavernous sinus

trochlear nerve, oculomotor nerve, ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve

longest intracranial course

trochlear nerve

abducent nerve originates from ____

brainstem (pontomedullary junction)

abducent nerve functional component

GSE

abducent nerve provides motor innervation to ____

lateral rectus muscle

abducent nerve exits skull via _____

superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

courses through cavernous sinus

abducent nerve

vestibulocochlear nerve originates from ____

brainstem (pontomedullary junction)

vestibulocochlear functional component

SSA

vestibulocochlear special sense

hearing, equilibrium, and rotational and linear acceleration

vestibulocochlear ganglia

vestibular and spiral

vestibulocochlear nerve exits endocranial cavity through _____

internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone

exits endocranial cavity alongside CN VII

vestibulocochlear nerve

never exits the skull and remains within petrous portion of temporal bone

vestibulocochlear nerve

accessory nerve originates from ____

superior portion of spinal cord (C1-5/6)

accessory nerve functional component

GSE

accessory nerve provides motor innervation to ____ and ___

sternocleidomastoid trapezius

accessory nerve exits skull via _____

jugular foramen

exits skull alongside CN IX and X

CN XI

hypoglossal nerve originates from ____

brainstem (medulla)

hypoglossal nerve functional component

GSE

hypoglossal nerve provides motor innervation to ____

all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus)

hypoglossal nerve exits the skull via ____

hypoglossal canal of the occipital bone

oculomotor nerve originates from ____

midbrain

oculomotor nerve functional component

GSE and GVE

oculomotor GSE motor innervation

levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles

oculomotor GVE motor innervation

parasympathetic motor to constrictor pupillae and ciliary muscle

parasympathetic preganglionic oculomotor GVE cell bodies located in ____ and postganglionic located in ____

Edinger-Westphal ciliary ganglion

oculomotor nerve exits skull via ____

superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone

oculomotor nerve exits brain between ____ and ____ arteries

posterior cerebral superior cerebellar

trigeminal nerve originates from ____

brainstem (pons)

trigeminal nerve functional component

GSA and SVE

trigeminal nerve ganglion

semilunar (Gasserian, trigeminal)

ophthalmic (GSA)

maxillary (GSA)

mandibular (GSA and SVE)

somatic sensory from skin of upper face, scalp, forehead, dorsum of nose, upper nasal mucosa, eyeball, cornea, upper eyelid, meninges of anterior cranial fossa, tentorium cerebelli, and flax cerebri

ophthalmic nerve

V1 branches

nasociliary, frontal and lacrimal nerves

V1 exits the skull via ___

superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

somatic sensory from skin of mid-face, nasal and palatal mucosa, anterosuperior nasopharyngeal mucosa, upper teeth and gums, lower eyelid, meninges of middle cranial fossa

maxillary nerve

V2 branches

meningeal, pharyngeal, infraorbital, greater and lesser palatine, superior alveolar, nasopalatine, zygomatic

maxillary nerve suspends _____

pterygopalatine ganglion

maxillary nerve exits skull via ___

foramen rotundum of sphenoid bone

courses through pterygopalatine fossa

maxillary nerve

somatic sensory from skin of lower face, mucosa of anterior 2/3 of tongue, floor of mouth, lower teeth and gums, external ear, meninges of middle cranial fossa

GSA mandibular nerve

skeletal motor to the muscles of mastication, anterior belly of digastric muscle, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini muscle, mylohyoid muscle

SVE mandibular nerve

mandibular nerve exits skull via ____

foramen ovale of sphenoid

courses through IT fossa

mandibular nerve

undivided trunk branches of mandibular nerve

recurrent meningeal nerve to tensor tympani nerve to tensor veli palatine nerve to medial pterygoid

anterior division of mandibular nerve

buccal (long) deep temporal masseteric nerve to lateral pterygoid

posterior division of mandibular nerve

auriculotemporal lingual inferior alveolar

associated with tympanic/lesser petrosal nerve of CN IX

auriculotemporal nerve

associated with chorda tympani nerve of Cn VII

lingual nerve

lingual nerve suspends ___

submandibular parasympathetic ganglion

branches into nerve to mylohyoid and continues as mental nerve

inferior alveolar nerve

facial nerve originates from ____

brainstem (pontomedullary junction)

facial nerve functional component

SVE, GSA, SVA, and GVE

skeletal motor to muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle and stapedius muscle

SVE facial nerve

somatic sensory from skin of a small part of the external ear

GSA facial nerve

special sensory, taste, from anterior 2/3 of tongue

SVA facial nerve

parasympathetic motor to glands of the nasal, palatal, buccal, labial, lingual mucosa, lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands

GVE facial nerve

facial nerve ganglion

geniculate

branches of facial nerve

temporofacial and cervicofacial (posterior auricular, temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical) nerve to stapedius greater petrosal chorda tympani

emerges from the region of the geniculate sensory ganglion

greater petrosal nerve

greater petrosal nerve conveyed to targets via branches of ____ and ___

V1 V2

greater petrosal GVE preganglionic cell bodies located in ____ and postganglionic cell bodies located in ____

superior salivatory nucleus pterygopalatine ganglion

greater petrosal GVE parasympathetic motor to glands of ___ mucosa and ___ and ____ glands

nasal palatal lacrimal

emerges within the petrous portion of the temporal bone and traverses tympanic cavity

chorda tympani nerve

chorda tympani conveyed to targets via ____

lingual nerve

taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

chorda tympani SVA

chorda tympani GVE preganglionic cells boides located in ___ and postganglionic cell bodies located in ___

superior salivatory nucleus submandibular ganglion

chorda tympani GVE parasympathetic motor to glands of the ___, ___, and ___ mucosa and ___ and ___ salivary glands

labial buccal lingual sublingual submandibular

the facial nerve exits endocranial cavity via ___

internal acoustic meatus

facial nerve exits skull via ___ and ____ of temporal bone

stylomastoid foramen (motor) petrotympanic fissure (chorda tympani)

facial nerve exits temporal bone via ____

hiatus for greater petrosal nerve

exits endocranial cavity alongside CN VIII

CN VII

facial nerve courses adjacent to ___ and ___

inner ear middle ear

motor division of facial nerve courses through ____

parotid gland

chorda tympani courses through ____ and ____

middle ear IT fossa

greater petrosal nerve courses through _____ and _____

middle cranial fossa pterygopalatine fossa

glossopharyngeal nerve originates from ____

brainstem (medulla)

glossopharyngeal nerve functional component

SVE, GSA, SVA, GVA, and GVE

skeletal motor to stylopharyngeus muscle

SVE glossopharyngeal nerve

somatic sensory from skin of a small part of the external ear, mucosa of the posterior third of the tongue, palatine tonsil, tonsillar fossa, pharynx, and middle ear

GSA glossopharyngeal nerve

special sensory, taste, from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

SVA glossopharyngeal nerve

from the carotid sinus (baroreception) and carotid body (chemoreception)

GVA glossopharyngeal nerve

parasympathetic motor to parotid salivary gland

GVE glossopharyngeal nerve

glossopharyngeal nerve ganglia

superior (GSA) and inferior (GVA/SVA) of CN IX

branches of glossopharyngeal nerve

carotid sinus nerve (GVA) tympanic nerve (GSA and GVE) lesser petrosal nerve (GVE)

branch of carotid sinus nerve

Hering's nerve (GVA)

forms tympanic plexus along with caroticotympanic nerves

tympanic nerve

tympanic nerve gives rise to ___

lesser petrosal nerve

tympanic nerve reenters skull via ____

tympanic canaliculus into tympanic cavity

lesser petrosal nerve conveyed to target via ___

auriculotemporal nerve

lesser petrosal GVE preganglionic cell bodies located in ___ and postganglionic cell bodies located in ___

inferior salivatory nucleus otic ganglion

lesser petrosal GVE parasympathetic motor to ____

parotid gland

glossopharyngeal nerve exits skull via ____

jugular foramen

exits skull alongside CN X and XI

CN IX

tympanic and lesser petrosal nerves course through ____

middle ear

lesser petrosal nerve courses through ___ and ____

middle cranial fossa IT fossa

vagus nerve originates from ___

brainstem (medulla)

vagus nerve functional component

SVE, GSA, SVA, GVA, and GVE

skeletal motor to muscles of soft palate, pharynx and intrinsic muscles of larynx

SVE vagus nerve

somatic sensory from skin of external ear and external acoustic meatus, external layer of tympanic membrane, larynx, laryngopharynx, and meninges of posterior cranial fossa

GSA vagus nerve

special sensory, taste, from the epiglottis and base of tongue

SVA vagus nerve

from the mucosa of the trachea, esophagus, and thoracic and abdominal viscera to left colic flexure

GVA vagus nerve

parasympathetic motor to glands of smooth muscles of thoracic and abdominal viscera

GVE vagus nerve

GVE vagus preganglionic cell bodies located in ____ and postganglionic cell bodies located in ____

dorsal motor nucleus of X ganglia within target viscera

vagus ganglia

superior/jugular (GSA) inferior/Nodose (GVA and SVA) of CN X

vagus nerve branches

auricular branch (GSA) superior laryngeal nerve (GSA, SVE, SVA) recurrent laryngeal nerve (GSA and SVE)

auricular branch reenters skull via ____ and is called ___

mastoid canaliculus Arnold's nerve

vagus nerve exits skull via ___

jugular foramen

exits skull alongside CN IX and XI

CN X

presents within the carotid sheath

CN X

1st pharyngeal arch

CN V

2nd pharyngeal arch

CN VII

3rd pharyngeal arch

CN IX

4th and 6th pharyngeal arch

CN X

membranous coverings of the brain immediately internal to the cranium

meninges

arachnoid and pia mater are continuous and make up the ____

leptomeninx

CSF is secreted by the ____ of the ___, ___ and ___ ventricles

choroid plexus lateral 3rd 4th

vascular pia mater covered by epithelium

choroid plexus

CSF leaves lateral ventricles via ____ into ___ ventricle

interventricular foramina 3rd

CSF passes through ____ to ____ ventricle

cerebral aqueduct 4th

some CSF leaves 4th ventricle via ___ and ____ apertures to enter subarachnoid space

median lateral

most CSF enters cisterns and then flows into ____ and ___

fissures sulci of brain

some CSF flows into extensions of subarachnoid space surrounding cranial nerves most importantly ____

CN II

thick dense bilaminar membrane

dura mater

dura mater makes up _____

pachymenix

divides left and right hemispheres

falx cerebri

partially separates cerebellar hemispheres

falx cerebelli

separates occipital lobes from cerebellum

tentorium cerebelli

partial roof over the hypophysial fossa

diaphragma sellae

endothelial lined spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura

dural venous sinuses

dural venous sinuses drains most of blood from the brain into ____

internal jugular vein

lies in superior border of the flax cerebri

superior sagittal sinus

superior sagittal sinus has lateral expansions known as ____

lateral venous lacunae

collections of arachnoid villi

arachnoid granulations

superior sagittal sinus is associated with ____ that protrude in and transfer CSF to venous system

arachnoid granulations

contains great cerebral vein

inferior sagittal sinus

communicates with the internal vertebral venous plexus

occipital sinus

cavernous sinuses receive blood from ____, ____, and ____

superior and inferior ophthalmic veins superficial middle cerebral vein sphenoparietal sinus

cavernous sinuses drain into ____

superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

cavernous sinuses communicate via ____

intercavernous sinuses

drains into transverse sinus

superior sagittal sinus

inferior sagittal sinus drains into ______ and _____

transition from sigmoid sinus to internal jugular vein internal vertebral venous plexus via basilar plexus

connect dural venous sinuses to veins outside cranium

emissary veins

____ and ____ emissary veins are most common

mastoid condylar

anterior cranial fossa innervation

anterior meningeal branches of ethmoidal nerve (V1), meningeal branches of V2 and V3

middle cranial fossa innervation

meningeal branches of V2 and V3

tentorium cerebelli and posterior falx cerebri innervation

tentorial nerve (V1)

posterior cranial fossa floor innervation

C2 and C3 via CN X and XII

space between cranium and periosteal layer of dura

epidural space

trauma to epidural space would cause injury to ____

middle meningeal artery

space between dura and arachnoid mater

subdural space

hard blow to head resulting in jerking the brain inside cranium can result in tearing of ___ entering superior sagittal sinus

superior cerebral vein

space between arachnoid and pia mater

subarachnoid space

blood entering subarachnoid space can be a result of ____

ruptured aneurysm

internal carotid arteries enter cranium through ____

carotid canal

internal carotid arteries terminate as ___ and ___ arteries

anterior cerebral middle cerebral

branches of subclavian arteries

vertebral arteries

vertebral arteries enter the _____ of cervical vertebrae

transverse foramina

vertebral arteries perforate ___ and pass through ____

dura foramen magnum

vertebral arteries unite to form ____

basilar artery

basilar artery terminates as _____

posterior cerebral arteries

important anastomosis at base of brain between internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Circle of Willis

circle of Willis consists of ______

anterior communicating artery anterior cerebral arteries internal carotid arteries posterior communicating arteries posterior cerebral arteries

CN III emerges between ____ and ___ arteries

posterior cerebral superior cerebellar

tumors can cause temporal lobes to herniate through tentorial notch

tentorial herniation

tentorial herniation can lacerate ____ and/or affect ____

temporal lobe CN III