introduction to cranial nerves Flashcards
motor for skeletal muscle contraction
GSE
GSE cell bodies in the ___ synapse on skeletal muscle
ventral horn
sensations of pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception
GSA
GSA cell bodies in ___ or ____
dorsal root ganglia
cranial nerve sensory ganglia
motor to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
GVE
GVE make up ____
autonomic nervous system
GVE are ___ neuron chain
2
GVE preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies in ___ between levels of ____ and postganglionic cell bodies in ____ and ___ ganglia
lateral horn/IMLCC
T1-L2
paravertebral
prevertebral
GVE preganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies in _____ and postganglionic cell bodies in ____
CNS
cranial ganglia or ganglia within walls of viscera
sensations of stretch, pain, ischemia and visceral reflexes
GVA
GVA cell bodies in ___ or ____
dorsal root ganglia
cranial nerve sensory ganglia
special senses that respond to a physical stimulus (light and sound)
SSA
SSA include __, ____, and ____
vision
hearing
balance
SSA cell bodies in ___, ____, and ___ ganglia
retina
vestibular
spiral ganglia
special sense that respond to chemical stimulus (volatile compounds in liquid or aerosolized forms)
SVA
SVA includes ____ and ___
taste
smell
SVA cell bodies in ___ and ____
olfactory organ
associated cranial nerve sensory ganglia
motor for skeletal muscle contraction to muscles derived from the pharyngeal arches
SVE
SVE cell bodies in ____
nuclei of brain
CN I
olfactory
CN II
optic
CN III
oculomotor
CN IV
trochlear
CN V
trigeminal
CN VI
abducent
CN VII
facial
CN VIII
vestibulocochlear
CN IX
glossopharyngeal
CN X
vagus
CN XI
accessory spinal
CN XII
hypoglossal
olfactory nerve originates from ____
forebrain (telencephalon)
olfactory functional component
SVA
olfactory special sense
smell
olfactory nerve exits skull via ____
cribriform plate of ethmoid
optic nerve originates from ____
forebrain (diencephalon)
optic nerve functional component
SSA
optic nerve special sense
vision
optic nerve exits skull via _____
optic canal/foramen of sphenoid
trochlear nerve originates from _____
midbrain
trochlear nerve functional component
GSE
trochlear nerve provides motor innervation to _____
superior oblique muscle
trochlear nerve exits the skull via ____
superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
courses through lateral wall of cavernous sinus
trochlear nerve, oculomotor nerve, ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve
longest intracranial course
trochlear nerve
abducent nerve originates from ____
brainstem (pontomedullary junction)
abducent nerve functional component
GSE
abducent nerve provides motor innervation to ____
lateral rectus muscle
abducent nerve exits skull via _____
superior orbital fissure of sphenoid
courses through cavernous sinus
abducent nerve
vestibulocochlear nerve originates from ____
brainstem (pontomedullary junction)
vestibulocochlear functional component
SSA
vestibulocochlear special sense
hearing, equilibrium, and rotational and linear acceleration
vestibulocochlear ganglia
vestibular and spiral
vestibulocochlear nerve exits endocranial cavity through _____
internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone
exits endocranial cavity alongside CN VII
vestibulocochlear nerve
never exits the skull and remains within petrous portion of temporal bone
vestibulocochlear nerve
accessory nerve originates from ____
superior portion of spinal cord (C1-5/6)
accessory nerve functional component
GSE
accessory nerve provides motor innervation to ____ and ___
sternocleidomastoid
trapezius
accessory nerve exits skull via _____
jugular foramen
exits skull alongside CN IX and X
CN XI
hypoglossal nerve originates from ____
brainstem (medulla)
hypoglossal nerve functional component
GSE
hypoglossal nerve provides motor innervation to ____
all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus)
hypoglossal nerve exits the skull via ____
hypoglossal canal of the occipital bone
oculomotor nerve originates from ____
midbrain
oculomotor nerve functional component
GSE and GVE
oculomotor GSE motor innervation
levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles
oculomotor GVE motor innervation
parasympathetic motor to constrictor pupillae and ciliary muscle
parasympathetic preganglionic oculomotor GVE cell bodies located in ____ and postganglionic located in ____
Edinger-Westphal
ciliary ganglion
oculomotor nerve exits skull via ____
superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
oculomotor nerve exits brain between ____ and ____ arteries
posterior cerebral
superior cerebellar
trigeminal nerve originates from ____
brainstem (pons)
trigeminal nerve functional component
GSA and SVE
trigeminal nerve ganglion
semilunar (Gasserian, trigeminal)
VI
ophthalmic (GSA)
V2
maxillary (GSA)
V3
mandibular (GSA and SVE)
somatic sensory from skin of upper face, scalp, forehead, dorsum of nose, upper nasal mucosa, eyeball, cornea, upper eyelid, meninges of anterior cranial fossa, tentorium cerebelli, and flax cerebri
ophthalmic nerve
V1 branches
nasociliary, frontal and lacrimal nerves
V1 exits the skull via ___
superior orbital fissure of sphenoid
somatic sensory from skin of mid-face, nasal and palatal mucosa, anterosuperior nasopharyngeal mucosa, upper teeth and gums, lower eyelid, meninges of middle cranial fossa
maxillary nerve
V2 branches
meningeal, pharyngeal, infraorbital, greater and lesser palatine, superior alveolar, nasopalatine, zygomatic
maxillary nerve suspends _____
pterygopalatine ganglion
maxillary nerve exits skull via ___
foramen rotundum of sphenoid bone
courses through pterygopalatine fossa
maxillary nerve
somatic sensory from skin of lower face, mucosa of anterior 2/3 of tongue, floor of mouth, lower teeth and gums, external ear, meninges of middle cranial fossa
GSA mandibular nerve
skeletal motor to the muscles of mastication, anterior belly of digastric muscle, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini muscle, mylohyoid muscle
SVE mandibular nerve
mandibular nerve exits skull via ____
foramen ovale of sphenoid
courses through IT fossa
mandibular nerve
undivided trunk branches of mandibular nerve
recurrent meningeal
nerve to tensor tympani
nerve to tensor veli palatine
nerve to medial pterygoid
anterior division of mandibular nerve
buccal (long)
deep temporal
masseteric
nerve to lateral pterygoid
posterior division of mandibular nerve
auriculotemporal
lingual
inferior alveolar
associated with tympanic/lesser petrosal nerve of CN IX
auriculotemporal nerve
associated with chorda tympani nerve of Cn VII
lingual nerve
lingual nerve suspends ___
submandibular parasympathetic ganglion
branches into nerve to mylohyoid and continues as mental nerve
inferior alveolar nerve
facial nerve originates from ____
brainstem (pontomedullary junction)
facial nerve functional component
SVE, GSA, SVA, and GVE
skeletal motor to muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle and stapedius muscle
SVE facial nerve
somatic sensory from skin of a small part of the external ear
GSA facial nerve
special sensory, taste, from anterior 2/3 of tongue
SVA facial nerve
parasympathetic motor to glands of the nasal, palatal, buccal, labial, lingual mucosa, lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands
GVE facial nerve
facial nerve ganglion
geniculate
branches of facial nerve
temporofacial and cervicofacial (posterior auricular, temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical)
nerve to stapedius
greater petrosal
chorda tympani
emerges from the region of the geniculate sensory ganglion
greater petrosal nerve
greater petrosal nerve conveyed to targets via branches of ____ and ___
V1
V2
greater petrosal GVE preganglionic cell bodies located in ____ and postganglionic cell bodies located in ____
superior salivatory nucleus
pterygopalatine ganglion
greater petrosal GVE parasympathetic motor to glands of ___ mucosa and ___ and ____ glands
nasal
palatal
lacrimal
emerges within the petrous portion of the temporal bone and traverses tympanic cavity
chorda tympani nerve
chorda tympani conveyed to targets via ____
lingual nerve
taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
chorda tympani SVA
chorda tympani GVE preganglionic cells boides located in ___ and postganglionic cell bodies located in ___
superior salivatory nucleus
submandibular ganglion
chorda tympani GVE parasympathetic motor to glands of the ___, ___, and ___ mucosa and ___ and ___ salivary glands
labial
buccal
lingual
sublingual
submandibular
the facial nerve exits endocranial cavity via ___
internal acoustic meatus
facial nerve exits skull via ___ and ____ of temporal bone
stylomastoid foramen (motor)
petrotympanic fissure (chorda tympani)
facial nerve exits temporal bone via ____
hiatus for greater petrosal nerve
exits endocranial cavity alongside CN VIII
CN VII
facial nerve courses adjacent to ___ and ___
inner ear
middle ear
motor division of facial nerve courses through ____
parotid gland
chorda tympani courses through ____ and ____
middle ear
IT fossa
greater petrosal nerve courses through _____ and _____
middle cranial fossa
pterygopalatine fossa
glossopharyngeal nerve originates from ____
brainstem (medulla)
glossopharyngeal nerve functional component
SVE, GSA, SVA, GVA, and GVE
skeletal motor to stylopharyngeus muscle
SVE glossopharyngeal nerve
somatic sensory from skin of a small part of the external ear, mucosa of the posterior third of the tongue, palatine tonsil, tonsillar fossa, pharynx, and middle ear
GSA glossopharyngeal nerve
special sensory, taste, from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
SVA glossopharyngeal nerve
from the carotid sinus (baroreception) and carotid body (chemoreception)
GVA glossopharyngeal nerve
parasympathetic motor to parotid salivary gland
GVE glossopharyngeal nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve ganglia
superior (GSA) and inferior (GVA/SVA) of CN IX
branches of glossopharyngeal nerve
carotid sinus nerve (GVA)
tympanic nerve (GSA and GVE)
lesser petrosal nerve (GVE)
branch of carotid sinus nerve
Hering’s nerve (GVA)
forms tympanic plexus along with caroticotympanic nerves
tympanic nerve
tympanic nerve gives rise to ___
lesser petrosal nerve
tympanic nerve reenters skull via ____
tympanic canaliculus into tympanic cavity
lesser petrosal nerve conveyed to target via ___
auriculotemporal nerve
lesser petrosal GVE preganglionic cell bodies located in ___ and postganglionic cell bodies located in ___
inferior salivatory nucleus
otic ganglion
lesser petrosal GVE parasympathetic motor to ____
parotid gland
glossopharyngeal nerve exits skull via ____
jugular foramen
exits skull alongside CN X and XI
CN IX
tympanic and lesser petrosal nerves course through ____
middle ear
lesser petrosal nerve courses through ___ and ____
middle cranial fossa
IT fossa
vagus nerve originates from ___
brainstem (medulla)
vagus nerve functional component
SVE, GSA, SVA, GVA, and GVE
skeletal motor to muscles of soft palate, pharynx and intrinsic muscles of larynx
SVE vagus nerve
somatic sensory from skin of external ear and external acoustic meatus, external layer of tympanic membrane, larynx, laryngopharynx, and meninges of posterior cranial fossa
GSA vagus nerve
special sensory, taste, from the epiglottis and base of tongue
SVA vagus nerve
from the mucosa of the trachea, esophagus, and thoracic and abdominal viscera to left colic flexure
GVA vagus nerve
parasympathetic motor to glands of smooth muscles of thoracic and abdominal viscera
GVE vagus nerve
GVE vagus preganglionic cell bodies located in ____ and postganglionic cell bodies located in ____
dorsal motor nucleus of X
ganglia within target viscera
vagus ganglia
superior/jugular (GSA)
inferior/Nodose (GVA and SVA) of CN X
vagus nerve branches
auricular branch (GSA)
superior laryngeal nerve (GSA, SVE, SVA)
recurrent laryngeal nerve (GSA and SVE)
auricular branch reenters skull via ____ and is called ___
mastoid canaliculus
Arnold’s nerve
vagus nerve exits skull via ___
jugular foramen
exits skull alongside CN IX and XI
CN X
presents within the carotid sheath
CN X
1st pharyngeal arch
CN V
2nd pharyngeal arch
CN VII
3rd pharyngeal arch
CN IX
4th and 6th pharyngeal arch
CN X
membranous coverings of the brain immediately internal to the cranium
meninges
arachnoid and pia mater are continuous and make up the ____
leptomeninx
CSF is secreted by the ____ of the ___, ___ and ___ ventricles
choroid plexus
lateral
3rd
4th
vascular pia mater covered by epithelium
choroid plexus
CSF leaves lateral ventricles via ____ into ___ ventricle
interventricular foramina
3rd
CSF passes through ____ to ____ ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
4th
some CSF leaves 4th ventricle via ___ and ____ apertures to enter subarachnoid space
median
lateral
most CSF enters cisterns and then flows into ____ and ___
fissures
sulci of brain
some CSF flows into extensions of subarachnoid space surrounding cranial nerves most importantly ____
CN II
thick dense bilaminar membrane
dura mater
dura mater makes up _____
pachymenix
divides left and right hemispheres
falx cerebri
partially separates cerebellar hemispheres
falx cerebelli
separates occipital lobes from cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
partial roof over the hypophysial fossa
diaphragma sellae
endothelial lined spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura
dural venous sinuses
dural venous sinuses drains most of blood from the brain into ____
internal jugular vein
lies in superior border of the flax cerebri
superior sagittal sinus
superior sagittal sinus has lateral expansions known as ____
lateral venous lacunae
collections of arachnoid villi
arachnoid granulations
superior sagittal sinus is associated with ____ that protrude in and transfer CSF to venous system
arachnoid granulations
contains great cerebral vein
inferior sagittal sinus
communicates with the internal vertebral venous plexus
occipital sinus
cavernous sinuses receive blood from ____, ____, and ____
superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
superficial middle cerebral vein
sphenoparietal sinus
cavernous sinuses drain into ____
superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
cavernous sinuses communicate via ____
intercavernous sinuses
drains into transverse sinus
superior sagittal sinus
inferior sagittal sinus drains into ______ and _____
transition from sigmoid sinus to internal jugular vein
internal vertebral venous plexus via basilar plexus
connect dural venous sinuses to veins outside cranium
emissary veins
____ and ____ emissary veins are most common
mastoid
condylar
anterior cranial fossa innervation
anterior meningeal branches of ethmoidal nerve (V1), meningeal branches of V2 and V3
middle cranial fossa innervation
meningeal branches of V2 and V3
tentorium cerebelli and posterior falx cerebri innervation
tentorial nerve (V1)
posterior cranial fossa floor innervation
C2 and C3 via CN X and XII
space between cranium and periosteal layer of dura
epidural space
trauma to epidural space would cause injury to ____
middle meningeal artery
space between dura and arachnoid mater
subdural space
hard blow to head resulting in jerking the brain inside cranium can result in tearing of ___ entering superior sagittal sinus
superior cerebral vein
space between arachnoid and pia mater
subarachnoid space
blood entering subarachnoid space can be a result of ____
ruptured aneurysm
internal carotid arteries enter cranium through ____
carotid canal
internal carotid arteries terminate as ___ and ___ arteries
anterior cerebral
middle cerebral
branches of subclavian arteries
vertebral arteries
vertebral arteries enter the _____ of cervical vertebrae
transverse foramina
vertebral arteries perforate ___ and pass through ____
dura
foramen magnum
vertebral arteries unite to form ____
basilar artery
basilar artery terminates as _____
posterior cerebral arteries
important anastomosis at base of brain between internal carotid and vertebral arteries
Circle of Willis
circle of Willis consists of ______
anterior communicating artery
anterior cerebral arteries
internal carotid arteries
posterior communicating arteries
posterior cerebral arteries
CN III emerges between ____ and ___ arteries
posterior cerebral
superior cerebellar
tumors can cause temporal lobes to herniate through tentorial notch
tentorial herniation
tentorial herniation can lacerate ____ and/or affect ____
temporal lobe
CN III
