Introduction To Medical Parasitology Flashcards
Concerned primarily with the animal parasites of humans and their medical significance, as well as their importance in human communities.
Medical parasitology
Area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence of one liing organism on another.
Parasitology
A branch of medicine which deals with tropical diseases and other special medical problems of tropical regions.
Tropical medicine
An illness which is indigenous to or endemic in a tropical area but may also occur in sporadic or epidemic proportions in areas that are not tropical.
Tropical disease
Living together of unlike organisms. It may also involve protection or other advantages to one or both parthners
Symbiosis
Symbiotic relationship in which two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship without harming or benefiting the other
Commensalism
Examoke of commensalism
Entamoeba coli
A symbiosis in which two organisms mutually benefit from each other like termites and the flagellates in their digestive system
Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite, lives in or on another, depending on the latter for its survival and usually at the expense of the host
Parasitism
A parasite living inside the body of a host is known as an.
Endoparasite
Parasitic living outside the body of a host
Ectoparasite
The presence of an endoparasite in a host is called
Infection
Presence of an ectoparasite on host is called
Infestation
Parasite is considered _____ when it is found in an organ which is nit its usual habitat.
Erratic
They nedd a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate their species
Obligate parasites
Example of obligate parasites
Tape worms
May exist in a free living state or may become parasitic when the need arises
Faculative parasites
A parasite, which establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live
Accidental or incidental parasite
Remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life
Permanent parasite
Lives on the host only for a short period oftime.
Temporary parasite
A free living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host.
Spurious parasite
One in which the parasite attains sexual maturity.
Definitive or final host
Example of definitive final host
Taeniasis, humans are considered definitive host
Harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite
Intermediate host
Pigs serve as intermediate hosts of
Taenia spp
Intermediate host of schistooma
Snails
One which the parasitic does not develop further to later stages. However, the parasite remains alive and is able to infect another susceptible host.
Paratenic host
Example of paratenic host
Paragonimus metacercariae
Fom raw meat to intestine
Allows parasite cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection
Reservoir host
Pigs are reservoir of
Balntidium coil
Field rats are reservoir of
Paragonimus westermani
Cat is resevoir of
Brugia malayi
Responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another
Vectors
Transmits the parasite only after the latter has completed its development within the host
Biologic vector
Example of biologic vector
Aedes mosquito
Only transports the parasite
Mechanical or phoretic
Example of mechanical or phoretic
Flies and cockroaches
Study of patterns, distribution, and occurence of disease.
Epidemiology
Number of newcases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time.
Incidence
Number of individuals in a population estimated tobe infected with a particular parasite speciesat a given time.
Prevalence
Percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite.
Cumulative prevalence
Refers to the number of worms per infected person.
Intensity of inpection
Intensity of infection maybe measured directly or inderctlyq
Worm burden
Clinical consequences of infections or diseases that affect an individual’swell being
Morbidity
Nematodes
Roundworm
Flatworms
Trematodes
Medical entomology
Arthropods
Organism which lives and develops outside the body of the host
Ectoparasite
Organism which lives and develops inside the body of the host
Endoparasite
In which the sexual life cycle takes place
Definitive host
In which asexual life cycle takes place before it is deposited in the definitive host
Intermediate host
General life cycle
Parasite Host Migrate to location for maturation Reproduce Parasite
Produce lysis of mucosa
Production of lytic enzyme - ulcer of stomach
Ex.entamoeba histolytica
Toxic or lytic
Actual destruction by biting or eating up
Destruction brought about by mechanical or lytic or toxic substances
Traumatic
Ball of ascaris
Mechanical destruction
Ascaris from intestine to bile duct to the liver
Migration to delicate organs
Perforation of ulceration
Complicating factor
Taenia solium
Obstruction of food
Trichuris trichuria
Irritative or inflammatory
Contaminated soil
A. Lumbricoides
T. Trichuria
Stronglyoides stercoralis
Contaminated water
Amoeba
Flagellates
Blood flukes
Taenia solium
Food containing the immature infective stage of the parasite
Fish, crab snail –> tape worms, capillaria
Beef, pork —> teania, tricinelia
Blood sucking insect
Malaria
Leishmania
Trypanosoma
Domestic or wild animal harboring the parasite
Dogs —> dipylium canium
Cats—-> toxocara cati
Hrbivorous animal —> trichostrongylus
Another person, his clothing, bedding or immediate environment that he has contaminated
Entamoeba histolytica
Enterobius vermicularis
Scabies
Oneself/auto infection
Enterobius vermicularis
Strongloides stercoralis
Skin penetration fromthe soil, fresh water
Necatar
Ancyclostoma
Percutaneously by blood-sucking insects
Plasmodium
Inhalation of airborne eggs
E. vermicularis
Transplacental
A. lumbricoides
T. Gondii
Plasmodium
Transmammary
Strongyloides
Ancyclostoma
Plasmodium
Transmammary
Strongloides
Ancyclostoma
Plasmodium
Sexual intercourse
Trichomonas vaginalis
Feces
Mostly all kinds of parasite
Urine
Trichonomas vaginalis
Strongyloides stercoralis
Schistosoma hematobium
Sputum
Paragonimus westermani
Ascaris lumbricoides
Discharges
From cervix —> trichomonas vaginalis
Drancunculus medinensis
Organisms which may live either as a parasitic or free-living existence under favorable or appropriate circumstances
Faculative
Lives on the host only for a short period of time
Temporary
Remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life
Permanent
When parasite is in its larval stage, it develops in a host that is different that of an adult.
Periodic
Need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate their species
Obligatory
When parasite passes
Transitory
A parasite which establishes itself in a host where it does nit ordinarily live.
Incidental
Parasite during its association with the host may cause certain local or general body changes.
Pathogenic
