Introduction to Immunology Flashcards
vaccination of cowpox against smallpox
edward jenner (1700)
reported live attenuated vaccines against rabies
louis pasteur (1885)
antiserum therapy esp. against diphtheria
emil von behring (1901)
tuberculosis
robert koch (1905)
theories of immunity (cellular & humoral)
paul ehrlich (1908)
phagocytosis
elie metchnikoff (1908)
organ grafting
alexis carrell (1912)
anaphylaxis
charles richet (1913)
theories of immunity/complement
jules bordet (1919)
human blood groups
karl landsteiner (1930)
penicillin
sir alexander fleming, sir ernst borischain, lord howard walter floray (1945)
development of polio vaccine
salk and sabin (1949)
yellow fever vaccine
max theiler (1951)
streptomycin as first antibiotic effective against TB
selman abraham waksman (1952)
antihistamine research
daniel bovet (1957)
mechanism of biological synthesis of DNA and RNA
severo ochoa, arthur kornberg (1959)
acquired immunological tolerance
sir frank macfarlene burnet, sir peter brian medawar (1960)
geentic control of enzymes and viruses synthesis
francois jacob, andrei lwoff, jacques monod (1965)
tumor-inducing viruses
payton rous (1966)
geentic code and its function in protein synthesis
robert holley, har gobind khorana, marshall nirenberg (1968)
replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses
max delbruck, alfred hershey, salvador luria (1969)
chemical structure of immunoglobulins
rodney porter, gerald edelman (1972)
interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material
david baltimore, renato dulbecco, howard martin ternin (1975)
first monoclonal antibody
kohler (1975)
radioimmunoassay of peptide hormones
rosalyn yallow (1977)
restriction enzymes/application to problems of molecular genetics
werner arber, daniel nathans, hamilton smith (1978)
immunogenetics and histocompatibility
baruj benacerraf, jean dausset, george snell (1980)
mobile genetics elements (transposons)
barbara mcclintock (1983)
immunoglobulin genetics ab diversity
susumo tonegawa (1987)
cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
j. michael bishop, harold varmus (1989)
organ and cell transplantation
joseph murray, e. donnell thomas (1990)
specificity of cell mediated immune defense (dual recognition)
peter doherty, rolf zinkernagel (1996)
prions as a new biological principle of infection
stanley prunsiner (1997)
signal transduction
gunter blobel (1999)
agglutination
durham and gruber (1999)
immunoelectrophoresis
graber and williams (1999)
IgE
ishizaka (1999)
interferons
isaacs and lindenmann (1999)
precipitation
kraus (1999)
development of human papilloma virus vaccine
frazer (2005)
an area of biology that is concerned with the process by which all living organisms defend themselves against infection
immunology
ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against specific pathogen or antigens
immunity
2 general types of immunity
natural/innate immunity
acquired/adaptive immunity
first line of defense
anatomical barriers
mechanical factors of anatomical barriers
skin
mucus
chemical factors of anatomical barriers
fatty acids
surfactants
biological factors of anatomical barriers
normal flora of the skin and GIT
it plays an important role in inflammation, characterized by edema and phagocytic cells. these factors are found in the serum or at the site of infection
humoral barriers to infection
non specific plasma proteins
complement system
coagulation system
lactoferrin and transferrin
interferons
betalysin
properdin
once activated complement can lead to increased vascular permeability, recruitment of phagocytic cells, and lysis and opsonization of bacteria
complement system
some products of the coagulation system can contribute to the non-specific defenses because of their ability to increase vascular permeability and act as chemotactic agents for phagocytic cells
coagulation system
_____ are a group of cytokines that are secreted by different cells of the immune system that function for cellular growth modulation, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses
interleukins
cellular barriers to infection
these cells are the main line of defense in the non-specific immune system
neutrophils
macrophages
mast cells
dendritic cells
natural killer (NK) and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
third line of defense
affords protection against re-exposure to the same pathogen
acquired/adaptive immunity
cells responsible for the specific immune response
lymphocytes
mature in marrow
b cells
mature in thymus
t cells
types of lymphocytes
b cells
t cells
helper/cytotoxic/killer/supressor/memory
types of specific immunologic reactions/adaptive
humoral immunity (antibody-mediated)
involves b cell activation
production of antibodies in blood plasma and lymph
b cells that are stimulated, called plasma b cells, will actively secrete antibodies
antibodies are found in ECF (blood plasma, lymph, mucus, etc.) and surface of b cells
defense against bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses, that circulate freely in body fluids before they enter cells
humoral immunity (antibody-mediated)
types of acquired/adaptive immunity
active immunity
passive immunity
result of actual infection
active immunity
exposure to antigen
naturally acquired active immunity
through vaccination
artificially acquired active immunity
result of transmission of antibodies
passive immunity
natural antibodies
antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta
naturally acquired passive immunity
injection of antibodies
immunity is short-lived
artificially acquired passive immunity
action of t cells
active against antigens and transplanted tissues
kill cells through lysis
defense against intracellular organisms
cellular immunity (cell-mediated)
process of inducing naturally or artificially by vaccination or administration of antibody
immunization
a type of active immunization wherein any vaccine or toxoid is administered for prevention of disease
vaccination
for every type of disease, there is a recommended percentage of immunized population to achieve herd immunity
herd immunity
proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleic acids delivered to the immune system to induce specific responses that inactivate, destroy or surpress the pathogen
vaccines
2 major lineages
myeloid precursor
lymphoid precursor
monocytes
PMN (polymorphonuclears)
RBCs
platelets
macrophages
myeloid precursor
t cells
b cells
NK cells
lymphoid precursor
2 types of immune system organs
primary
secondary
maturation sites
primary
cenral organ where all immune cells are born
b cells maturation
bone marrow
t cell maturation
thymus
activation sites
secondary
lymph nodes
lymphatics
spleen
malt (mucous-associated lymphoid tissues)
secondary
