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Immunology & Serology (Lecture) > Introduction to Immunology > Flashcards

Introduction to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

vaccination of cowpox against smallpox

A

edward jenner (1700)

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2
Q

reported live attenuated vaccines against rabies

A

louis pasteur (1885)

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3
Q

antiserum therapy esp. against diphtheria

A

emil von behring (1901)

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4
Q

tuberculosis

A

robert koch (1905)

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5
Q

theories of immunity (cellular & humoral)

A

paul ehrlich (1908)

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6
Q

phagocytosis

A

elie metchnikoff (1908)

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7
Q

organ grafting

A

alexis carrell (1912)

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8
Q

anaphylaxis

A

charles richet (1913)

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9
Q

theories of immunity/complement

A

jules bordet (1919)

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10
Q

human blood groups

A

karl landsteiner (1930)

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11
Q

penicillin

A

sir alexander fleming, sir ernst borischain, lord howard walter floray (1945)

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12
Q

development of polio vaccine

A

salk and sabin (1949)

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13
Q

yellow fever vaccine

A

max theiler (1951)

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14
Q

streptomycin as first antibiotic effective against TB

A

selman abraham waksman (1952)

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15
Q

antihistamine research

A

daniel bovet (1957)

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16
Q

mechanism of biological synthesis of DNA and RNA

A

severo ochoa, arthur kornberg (1959)

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17
Q

acquired immunological tolerance

A

sir frank macfarlene burnet, sir peter brian medawar (1960)

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18
Q

geentic control of enzymes and viruses synthesis

A

francois jacob, andrei lwoff, jacques monod (1965)

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19
Q

tumor-inducing viruses

A

payton rous (1966)

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20
Q

geentic code and its function in protein synthesis

A

robert holley, har gobind khorana, marshall nirenberg (1968)

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21
Q

replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses

A

max delbruck, alfred hershey, salvador luria (1969)

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22
Q

chemical structure of immunoglobulins

A

rodney porter, gerald edelman (1972)

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23
Q

interaction between tumor viruses and genetic material

A

david baltimore, renato dulbecco, howard martin ternin (1975)

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24
Q

first monoclonal antibody

A

kohler (1975)

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25
Q

radioimmunoassay of peptide hormones

A

rosalyn yallow (1977)

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26
Q

restriction enzymes/application to problems of molecular genetics

A

werner arber, daniel nathans, hamilton smith (1978)

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27
Q

immunogenetics and histocompatibility

A

baruj benacerraf, jean dausset, george snell (1980)

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28
Q

mobile genetics elements (transposons)

A

barbara mcclintock (1983)

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29
Q

immunoglobulin genetics ab diversity

A

susumo tonegawa (1987)

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30
Q

cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes

A

j. michael bishop, harold varmus (1989)

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31
Q

organ and cell transplantation

A

joseph murray, e. donnell thomas (1990)

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32
Q

specificity of cell mediated immune defense (dual recognition)

A

peter doherty, rolf zinkernagel (1996)

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33
Q

prions as a new biological principle of infection

A

stanley prunsiner (1997)

34
Q

signal transduction

A

gunter blobel (1999)

35
Q

agglutination

A

durham and gruber (1999)

36
Q

immunoelectrophoresis

A

graber and williams (1999)

37
Q

IgE

A

ishizaka (1999)

38
Q

interferons

A

isaacs and lindenmann (1999)

39
Q

precipitation

A

kraus (1999)

40
Q

development of human papilloma virus vaccine

A

frazer (2005)

41
Q

an area of biology that is concerned with the process by which all living organisms defend themselves against infection

A

immunology

42
Q

ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against specific pathogen or antigens

A

immunity

43
Q

2 general types of immunity

A

natural/innate immunity
acquired/adaptive immunity

44
Q

first line of defense

A

anatomical barriers

45
Q

mechanical factors of anatomical barriers

A

skin
mucus

46
Q

chemical factors of anatomical barriers

A

fatty acids
surfactants

47
Q

biological factors of anatomical barriers

A

normal flora of the skin and GIT

48
Q

it plays an important role in inflammation, characterized by edema and phagocytic cells. these factors are found in the serum or at the site of infection

A

humoral barriers to infection

49
Q

non specific plasma proteins

A

complement system
coagulation system
lactoferrin and transferrin
interferons
betalysin
properdin

50
Q

once activated complement can lead to increased vascular permeability, recruitment of phagocytic cells, and lysis and opsonization of bacteria

A

complement system

51
Q

some products of the coagulation system can contribute to the non-specific defenses because of their ability to increase vascular permeability and act as chemotactic agents for phagocytic cells

A

coagulation system

52
Q

_____ are a group of cytokines that are secreted by different cells of the immune system that function for cellular growth modulation, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses

A

interleukins

53
Q

cellular barriers to infection
these cells are the main line of defense in the non-specific immune system

A

neutrophils
macrophages
mast cells
dendritic cells
natural killer (NK) and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes

54
Q

third line of defense
affords protection against re-exposure to the same pathogen

A

acquired/adaptive immunity

55
Q

cells responsible for the specific immune response

A

lymphocytes

56
Q

mature in marrow

A

b cells

57
Q

mature in thymus

A

t cells

58
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

b cells
t cells
helper/cytotoxic/killer/supressor/memory

59
Q

types of specific immunologic reactions/adaptive

A

humoral immunity (antibody-mediated)

60
Q

involves b cell activation
production of antibodies in blood plasma and lymph
b cells that are stimulated, called plasma b cells, will actively secrete antibodies
antibodies are found in ECF (blood plasma, lymph, mucus, etc.) and surface of b cells
defense against bacteria, bacterial toxins, and viruses, that circulate freely in body fluids before they enter cells

A

humoral immunity (antibody-mediated)

61
Q

types of acquired/adaptive immunity

A

active immunity
passive immunity

62
Q

result of actual infection

A

active immunity

63
Q

exposure to antigen

A

naturally acquired active immunity

64
Q

through vaccination

A

artificially acquired active immunity

65
Q

result of transmission of antibodies

A

passive immunity

66
Q

natural antibodies
antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta

A

naturally acquired passive immunity

67
Q

injection of antibodies
immunity is short-lived

A

artificially acquired passive immunity

68
Q

action of t cells
active against antigens and transplanted tissues
kill cells through lysis
defense against intracellular organisms

A

cellular immunity (cell-mediated)

69
Q

process of inducing naturally or artificially by vaccination or administration of antibody

A

immunization

70
Q

a type of active immunization wherein any vaccine or toxoid is administered for prevention of disease

A

vaccination

71
Q

for every type of disease, there is a recommended percentage of immunized population to achieve herd immunity

A

herd immunity

72
Q

proteins, polysaccharides, or nucleic acids delivered to the immune system to induce specific responses that inactivate, destroy or surpress the pathogen

A

vaccines

73
Q

2 major lineages

A

myeloid precursor
lymphoid precursor

74
Q

monocytes
PMN (polymorphonuclears)
RBCs
platelets
macrophages

A

myeloid precursor

75
Q

t cells
b cells
NK cells

A

lymphoid precursor

76
Q

2 types of immune system organs

A

primary
secondary

77
Q

maturation sites

A

primary

78
Q

cenral organ where all immune cells are born
b cells maturation

A

bone marrow

79
Q

t cell maturation

A

thymus

80
Q

activation sites

A

secondary

81
Q

lymph nodes
lymphatics
spleen
malt (mucous-associated lymphoid tissues)

A

secondary

Immunology & Serology (Lecture) (8 decks)

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