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Immunology & Serology (Lecture) > Cells and Organs Involves in Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Cells and Organs Involves in Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Antigen-specific B-cell receptors (BCRs)

Secrete antibody

Humoral immunity

A

B cells

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2
Q

Antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs)

T-cells subsets and cytokines

Cellular immunity

A

T cells

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3
Q

_____ exhibit antigen specificity by virtue of their expression of antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs).

A

T cells

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4
Q

In the case of T-cells, their participation in adaptive immune responses is as varied as the T-cell subsets and _____ they produce.

A

cytokines

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5
Q

Historically, T-cell mediated responses have been
referred to as ______

A

cell-mediated responses or cellular
immunity

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6
Q

B cells expressing antigen-specific B-cell receptors (BCRs) synthesize and secrete antibody into the bloodstream. This is often termed ______

A

humoral immunity

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7
Q

primary lymphoid organs:

A

bone marrow
thymus

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8
Q

Considered the largest tissue of the body, with a total weight of 1300 - 1500g in the adult

A

bone marrow

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9
Q

Fills the core the all long bones and is the main source of hematopoietic stem cells of the blood cell lines

A

bone marrow

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10
Q

T,B,and NK cells arise from a common precursor:

A

common lymphoid precursor (CLP)

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11
Q

The center for antigen independent lymphopoiesis

A

bone marrow

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12
Q

Site of T cells maturation

A

thymus

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13
Q

A small, flat, bilobed organ found on the thorax, weighs an average of 30 g at birth, reaches about 35 g at puberty, and then gradually atrophies

A

thymus

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14
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS:

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, Peyer’s patches in the intestines, and other mucosal-
associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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15
Q

Once differentiation occurs, mature T and B lymphocytes are released from the bone marrow and the thymus. They migrate to _____ and become part of a
recirculating pool.

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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16
Q

_____ where activation of lymphocytes occurs on these organs

A

lymphopoiesis

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17
Q

Largest secondary lymphoid organ, approx. 12 cm and weighing 150 g in adult

A

spleen

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18
Q

Located in the upper-left quadrant of the abdomen

A

spleen

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19
Q

A large discriminating filter, as it removes old and damaged cells and foreign antigens from the blood

A

spleen

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20
Q

makes up >1/2 of the total vol.; function is to destroy old RBCs

A

red pulp

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21
Q

approx. 20% of total wt. of spleen and contains the lymphoid tissue

A

white pulp

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22
Q

Located along lymphatic ducts and serve as central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissues

A

lymph nodes

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23
Q

primary function of lymph nodes:

A

Generation of B-cell memory

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24
Q

Accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells causes the lymph nodes to become enlarged, a condition known as ______

A

lymphodenopathy

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25
Q

The outermost layer, the _____, contains macrophages and aggregations of B cells in primary follicles similar to those found in the spleen.

A

cortex

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26
Q

These are the mature, resting B cells
that have not yet been exposed to antigen

A

cortex

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27
Q

Specialized cells called _____ are also located here. They are found only in lymphoid follicles and have long cytoplasmic processes that radiate out like tentacles. These cells exhibit a large number of receptors for antibody and complement and help to capture antigen to present to T and B cells.

A

follicular dendritic cells

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28
Q

consist of antigen-stimulated proliferating B cells.

A

secondary follicles

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29
Q

The interior of a secondary follicle is known as ______, because it is here that blast transformation of the B cells takes place

A

the germinal center

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30
Q

Plasma cells, which actively secrete
antibody, and memory cells, which are just a step away from forming plasma cells, are present. generation of _____ is a
primary function of lymph nodes.

A

B-cell memory

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31
Q

T lymphocytes are mainly localized in the ____

A

paracortex

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32
Q

T lymphocytes are in close
proximity to antigen-presenting cells called _____

A

interdigitating cells

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33
Q

The medulla is ______ but contains some T cells (in addition to B cells), macrophages, and numerous plasma cells.

A

less densely populated

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34
Q

Found in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

A

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

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35
Q

Here, macrophages and lymphocytes are localized at some of the main ports of entry for foreign organisms.

A

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

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36
Q

represent a specialized type of
MALT and are located at the lower ileum of the intestinal tract

A

Peyer’s patches

37
Q

Found in the mucous membrane lining of the oral and pharyngeal cavities

Their function is to respond to pathogens entering the respiratory and alimentary tracts

A

Tonsils and Appendix

38
Q

An additional location of lymphoid tissue

A

appendix

39
Q

All of these secondary organs are potential site for contact with foreign antigens which increase the probability of an immune response

A

Tonsils and Appendix

40
Q

The epidermis contains a number of intraepidermal lymphocytes.

Most of these are T cells, which are uniquely positioned to combat any antigens that enter through the skin.

A

Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)

41
Q

Proteins that appear on cell surfaces can be used as markers to differentiate T cells and B cells.

Proteins can also be used to distinguish the developmental stages of the two types of cells according to when these proteins appear

A

surface markers on lymphocyte

42
Q

A reference in standardizing names of membrane proteins found on all human white blood cells

A

CLUSTERS OF DIFFERENTIATION (CD)

43
Q

_____ has distinctive markers that include surface antigens CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24, and c-Kit

A

Pro B-cells

44
Q

Synthesis of the heavy chain part of the antibody molecule occurs

A

Pre B-cells

45
Q

The first heavy chains synthesized are the _____, which belong to the class of immunoglobulins called ____, accompanied by an unusual light chain called a surrogate light chain

A

μ chains

IgM

46
Q

Once the pre-B receptor (preBCR) is expressed, neighboring pre-B cells may send signals for further maturation

A

Pre B-cells

47
Q

Distinguished by the appearance of complete IgM molecules on the cell surface

A

immature B cells

48
Q

Completion of light chain rearrangement commits a cell to produce an antibody molecule with specificity for a particular antigen or group of related antigens. Variable regions, which occur on both the light and heavy chains, determine this specificity.

A

immature B-cells

49
Q

Other surface proteins that appear on the immature B cell include:

A

CD21
CD 40
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules

50
Q

Mature B-cells
In the spleen, immature B cells develop into mature cells known _____, which remain in the spleen in order to respond quickly to any blood-borne pathogens they may come into contact with

A

marginal zone B cells

51
Q

Other immature B cells become _____, which are found in lymph nodes and other secondary organs

A

follicular B cells

52
Q

Both IgM and IgD are exhibited on their surface

A

mature B-cells

53
Q

Antigen-dependent activation of B cells takes place in the primary follicles of peripheral lymphoid tissue

A

Activated B-cells

54
Q

Identifying markers that include CD25, which is found on both activated T and B cells and acts as
a receptor for interleukin-2 (IL-2), a growth factor produced by T cells.

Additional receptors that appear at this time are specific for other growth factors produced by T cells. When B cells are activated in this manner,
they transform into blasts that will give rise to both plasma cells and so-called memory cells.

A

Activated B-cells Exhibit

55
Q

Spherical or ellipsoidal cells between 10 and 20 μm in size

A

plasma cells

56
Q

plasma cells are characterized by the presence of:

A

Abundant cytoplasmic immunoglobulin

Little to no surface immunoglobulin

57
Q

plasma cells represents the most fully differentiated lymphocyte, and its main function:

A

antibody production

58
Q

Plasma cells are not normally found in the blood but are located in _____ in the peripheral lymphoid organs.

A

germinal centers

59
Q

nondividing, and after several days of antibody production, they die without further proliferation

A

plasma cells

60
Q

Also found in germinal centers and have a much longer life span than a resting B cell, represent progeny of antigen-stimulated B cells that are capable of responding to antigen with increased speed and intensity.

A

memory cells

61
Q

They are similar in appearance to unstimulated B cells, but they remain in an activated state for months or years, ready to respond to the initial
antigen.

A

memory cells

62
Q

_____ of circulating lymphocytes in the peripheral blood are T cells, and these become differentiated in the thymus

A

60-80%

63
Q

Early surface markers on thymocytes (Lymphocyte precursors) that are committed to becoming T cells include ____

A

CD44 and CD25

64
Q

Orderly rearrangement of the genes coding for the antigen receptor, distinct surface markers appear
during specific stages of development

A

T-cell differentiation

65
Q

Maturation is an elaborate process that takes place over a _____ as cells filter through the cortex to the medulla

A

3-week period

66
Q

Interaction with stromal cells under the influence of cytokines, especially _____, is critical for growth and differentiation

A

interleukin-7

67
Q

Lack CD4 and CD8 markers

Rearrangement of the genes that code for the antigen receptor known as TCR begins at this stage

Rearrangement of the β chain occurs

A

double-negative stage

68
Q

Thymocytes express both CD4 and CD8 antigens, they are called double-positive

Double positive thymocytes proliferate and then begin to rearrange the genes coding for the alpha chain

A

double-positive stage

69
Q

Survivors of selection exhibit only one type of marker, either CD4 or CD8, and they migrate to the medulla

A

mature T cells

70
Q

CD4+ T cells recognize antigen along with _____

A

MHC class II protein

71
Q

while CD8+ T cells interact with
antigen and ______

A

MHC class I proteins

72
Q

_____ bearing the CD4 receptor are termed helper, or inducer, cells, while the CD8-positive are cytotoxic T cells

A

T cells

73
Q

These mature T cells are released from the ____ and seed peripheral lymphoid organs. Resting T cells have a life span of up to several years in these peripheral organs

A

thymus

74
Q

Lymphocytes that do not express the markers of either T cells or B cells.

A

natural killer cells

75
Q

plays a critical role in NK cell
development

A

interleukin-15

76
Q

Larger than T cells and B cells at approximately 15 μm in diameter

A

natural killer cells

77
Q

→ They contain kidney-shaped nuclei
→ Condensed chromatin and prominent
nucleoli.
→ Have a higher cytoplasmic-nuclear ratio
→ Cytoplasm contains a number of azurophilic granules.

A

natural killer cells

78
Q

NK cells make up ____ of the circulating lymphoid pool and are found mainly in the spleen and peripheral blood

A

5-10%

79
Q

Have the ability to mediate cytolytic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure to them.

A

NK cells

80
Q

They play an important role as a transitional cell bridging the innate and the acquired response to pathogens.

A

NK cells

81
Q

The fact that they lack specificity in their response is essential to their function as early defenders against pathogens

A

NK cells

82
Q

This gives time for the acquired response of specific T and B cells to be activated

A

NK cells

83
Q

allows NK cells to attach to and lyse any cells that are coated with antibody

A

CD16

84
Q

2 subsets of NK cells

A

A high level of CD56 and low or no CD16

Some CD56 and high levels of CD16

85
Q

produce more cytokines and help support antibody production

A

A high level of CD56 and low or no CD16

86
Q

have a higher cytotoxic activity

A

Some CD56 and high levels of CD16

87
Q

NK cell activity is stimulated by exposure to cytokines such as:

A

Interleukin-12
Interferon gamma
Interferon beta

88
Q

Since these rises rapidly during a viral infection, NK cells are able to respond early on during an infection, and their activity peaks in about 3 days, well before antibody production or a cytotoxic T cell response

A

NK cells

Immunology & Serology (Lecture) (8 decks)

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