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Immunology & Serology (Lecture) > Antibodies > Flashcards

Antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

Also known as immunoglobulins

A

antibodies

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2
Q

End product of antigen stimulation and differentiation of B cells

A

antibodies

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3
Q

Glycoproteins found in the serum portion of the blood

A

immunoglobulins

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4
Q

Immunoglobulins constitute approximately ___ of plasma proteins in healthy individuals

A

20%

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5
Q

Immunoglobulins are composed of ____ polypeptide

A

86-98%

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6
Q

Immunoglobulins are composed of ____ carbohydrate

A

2-14%

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7
Q

Play an essential role in antigen recognition and in biological activities related to the immune response such as opsonization and complement activation

A

immunoglobulins

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8
Q

The immunoglobulins are divided into _____ on the basis of a part of the molecule called the heavy chain

A

five major classes

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9
Q

5 major classes of Immunoglobulins

A

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE

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10
Q

gamma immunoglobulin

A

IgG

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11
Q

mu immunoglobulin

A

IgM

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12
Q

alpha immunoglobulin

A

IgA

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13
Q

delta immunoglobulin

A

IgD

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14
Q

epsilon immunoglobulin

A

IgE

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15
Q

Tetrapeptide, elucidated by _____ and ______

A

Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter

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16
Q

Consists of two large chains called heavy or H chains and two smaller chains called light or L chains

A

immunoglobulins

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17
Q

Each chain has a single variable region (unique to each specific antibody) and one or more constant regions

A

immunoglobulins

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18
Q

Immunoglobulin chains are held together by ______ and _____

A

non-covalent forces and disulfide interchain bridges

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19
Q

Cleaved IgG into 3 pieces

A

papain digestion

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20
Q

“fragment crystallizable”

A

Fc fragment

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21
Q

Spontaneously crystallized at 4 ̊C

A

fragment crystallizable

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22
Q

Has no antigen binding ability

A

fragment crystallizable

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23
Q

Important in the effector functions of Ig molecules (opsonization and complement fixation)

A

fragment crystallizable

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24
Q

“fragment antigen binding”

A

2 identical Fab fragments

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25
Q

Have antigen-binding capacity

A

fragment antigen binding

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26
Q

fragment antigen binding consists of ______ and _____ held together by disulfide bonding

A

one L chain and one-half of an H chain

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27
Q

Cleaved IgG at the carboxylic-terminal side of the interchain double bonds

A

pepsin digestion

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28
Q

F(ab’)2 and Fc (similar to Fc except that it disintegrated into several smaller pieces)

A

pepsin digestion

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29
Q

2 types of light chains:

A

kappa chains
lambda chains

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30
Q

each light chains contains between ______ amino acids

A

200-220

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31
Q

2 light chains have the same sequence from ____ onwards (the amino terminus is position number 1)

A

111

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32
Q

the region with the same amino acid sequence

A

constant region

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33
Q

amino-terminal end

A

variable region

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34
Q

60% of L chains are ______ because they are coded for first in DNA transcription of genes coding for antibody molecules

A

kappa chains

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35
Q

The difference lies in the amino acid substitutions at a few locations along the chain

A

light chains

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36
Q

No functional differences between the two types

A

light chains

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37
Q

Both are found in all five classes of immunoglobulins, but only one type is present in a given molecule

A

light chains

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38
Q

With variable and constant regions

A

heavy chain

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39
Q

constant region - location of the first approx. ___ amino acids at the amino-terminal end

A

110

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40
Q

Constant region - location of the remaining amino acids, can be divided into 3 or 4 constant regions with very similar sequences: ____, ____, and ____

A

CH1, CH2, and CH3

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41
Q

HEAVY CHAIN
Unique to each class and give each immunoglobulin type its name:

A

IgG has an γ H chain, IgM a μ chain, IgA
an α chain, IgD a δ chain, and IgE an ε chain

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42
Q

___ has an γ H chain

A

IgG

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43
Q

___ has a μ chain

A

IgM

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44
Q

___ has an α chain

A

IgA

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45
Q

___ has a δ chain

A

IgD

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46
Q

___ an ε chain

A

IgE

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47
Q

A unique amino acid sequence that is common to all
immunoglobulin molecules of a given class in a given
species, determined by the heavy-chain constant region

A

isotype

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48
Q

There are five antibody isotypes that each have a unique heavy-chain constant region:

A

IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, and IgA

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49
Q

Minor variations in isotype

A

allotypes

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50
Q

_____ occur in the four IgG subclasses, in one IgA subclass, and in the κ L chain

A

allotypes

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51
Q

Variable portions of each chain that are unique to a specific antibody molecule

A

idiotype

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52
Q

Amino-terminal ends of both L and H chains, serve as the antigen recognition unit

A

idiotype

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53
Q

The segment of H chain located between the CH1 and CH2 regions

A

hinge region

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54
Q

Has a high content of proline and hydrophobic residues

A

hinge region

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55
Q

Gamma, delta, and alpha all have a hinge region, but
___ and ___ do not

A

mu and epsilon chains

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56
Q

HINGE REGION
All types of immunoglobulins contain a carbohydrate
portion, which is localized between the ________

A

CH2 domains of the two H chains

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57
Q

Allows for flexibility and assists in effector functions
including initiations of the complement cascade and
binding to cells with specific receptors for the Fc portion of the molecule; lets the two antigen- binding sites operate independently and engage in an angular motion relative to each other and to the FC stem

A

proline

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58
Q

Increases the solubility of immunoglobulin

A

carbohydrates

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59
Q

Provides protection against degradation

A

carbohydrates

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60
Q

Enhances functional activity of the FC domains

A

carbohydrates

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61
Q

Predominant immunoglobulin in humans

A

IgG

62
Q

70 – 75% of total serum immunoglobulins

A

IgG

63
Q

half-life of IgG

A

23 days

64
Q

IgG has __ major subclasses

A

4

65
Q

IgG1

A

66%

66
Q

IgG2

A

23%

67
Q

IgG3

A

7%

68
Q

IgG4

A

4%

69
Q

IgG:
Subclasses differ mainly in the number and position of the disulfide bridges between the ______

A

γ chains

70
Q

IgG:
All subclasses have the ability to cross the placenta
except ____

A

IgG2

71
Q

IgG:
Variability in the hinge region affects the ability to reach for antigen and the ability to initiate important biological functions such as ________

A

complement activation

72
Q

Most efficient IgG

A

IgG3

73
Q

mediators of complement activation

A

IgG1, IgG2, IgG4

74
Q

Provides immunity for the newborn

A

IgG

75
Q

___ is the only antibody that can cross the placenta

A

IgG

76
Q

Fixing complement

A

IgG

77
Q

Coating antigen for enhanced phagocytosis (opsonization)

A

IgG

78
Q

Neutralizing toxins and viruses

A

IgG

79
Q

Participating in agglutination and precipitation reactions

A

IgG

80
Q

Known as a macroglobulin because it has a sedimentation rate of 19 S, which represents a molecular weight of approximately 900,000

A

IgM

81
Q

molecular weight of IgM

A

approximately 900,000

82
Q

half-life of IgM

A

about 6 days

83
Q

5% and 10% of all serum immunoglobulins

A

IgM

84
Q

Assumes a starlike pattern with 10 functional binding sites

A

IgM

85
Q

Found mainly in the intravascular pool because of its large size

A

IgM

86
Q

Cannot cross the placenta

A

IgM

87
Q

Known as the primary response antibody

A

IgM

88
Q

It is the first to appear after antigenic stimulation and the first to appear in the maturing infant

A

IgM

89
Q

Synthesized only as long as antigen remains present
because there are no memory cells for ____

A

IgM

90
Q

Can be used to diagnose an acute infection, as its presence indicates a primary exposure to antigen

A

IgM

91
Q

2 forms of IgM

A

pentamer
monomer

92
Q

Found in serum, held by a J or joining chain which serve as linkage points for disulfide bonds between 2 adjacent monomers

A

pentamer

93
Q

Facilitates secretion as mucosal surfaces

A

pentamer

94
Q

Present on the surface of B cells

A

monomer

95
Q

functions of IgM

A

(COAT)
Complement fixation
Agglutination
Opsonization
Toxin neutralization

96
Q

Represents 10% to 15% of all circulating immunoglobulin

A

IgA

97
Q

IgA appears as a monomer with a molecular weight of approximately _____

A

160,000

98
Q

IgA has a sedimentation coefficient of ___

A

7 S

99
Q

2 sub-classes of IgA:

A

IgA1
IgA2

100
Q

IgA Has a ______ that protects it from enzymatic digestion while it patrols mucosal surfaces

A

secretory component (SC)

101
Q

Aggregation of immune complexes may trigger the
alternate complement pathway

A

IgA

102
Q

predominant form in secretions at mucosal
surfaces

A

IgA2

103
Q

mainly found in serum

A

IgA1

104
Q

anti-inflammatory agent

A

Serum IgA

105
Q

Downregulates IgG-mediated phagocytosis, chemotaxis, bactericidal activity, and cytokine release

A

IgA

106
Q

patrol mucosal surfaces and act as a first line of defense

A

Secretory IgA

107
Q

Plays an important role in neutralizing toxins produced by microorganisms and helps to prevent bacterial and viral adherence to mucosal surfaces

A

Secretory IgA

108
Q

In breastmilk, it maintains the health of newborns by passively transferring antibodies and greatly decreasing infant death from both respiratory and gastrointestinal infections

A

Secretory IgA

109
Q

Representing less than 0.001% of total immunoglobulins

A

IgD

110
Q

half-life of IgD

A

1 to 3 days

111
Q

Found on the surface of immunocompetent but unstimulated B lymphocytes

A

IgD

112
Q

The second type of immunoglobulin to appear (IgM
being the first) and it may play a role in B-cell activation

A

IgD

113
Q

Best known for its very low concentration in serum (0.0005% of total serum immunoglobulins)

A

IgE

114
Q

Has the ability to activate mast cells and basophils

A

IgE

115
Q

The most heat-labile of all immunoglobulins

A

IgE

116
Q

IgE:
Heating to ___ for between _____ and ____ results in conformational changes and loss of ability to bind to target cells

A

56°
30 minutes and 3 hours

117
Q

Shortly after synthesis it attaches to basophils, Langerhans cells, eosinophils, and tissue mast cells

A

IgE

118
Q

Induces type 1 immediate hypersensitivity or allergic reaction and mediates phagocytosis of parasites

A

IgE

119
Q

(T/F)
A primary immune response occurs when the body’s immune response encounters an antigen for the first time

A

true

120
Q

The primary response to an antigen takes _____ before antibody can be detected

A

5 to 7 days

121
Q

The primary response consists of approximately equal amounts of ___ and ___

A

IgM and IgG

122
Q

(T/F)
During this immune response, the body learns to
recognize the antigen, produce antibodies against the antigen, and induce a long-term memory response against the antigen.

A

true

123
Q

Memory induction is enabled by the production of
___________

A

immune memory lymphocytes

124
Q

The response induced involved the activation of _______

A

naive B-cells and naive T-cells

125
Q

The response lasts about _____ to resolve

A

14 days

126
Q

Stages of Primary Antibody Response:

A

(LEPD)
Lag phase
Exponential phase
Plateau phase
Decline phase

127
Q

It is also known as the latent phase

A

lag phase

128
Q

It is the phase of the initial exposure to the antigen

A

lag phase

129
Q

This leads to the activation of naive B-cells that produce antibodies to counter the antigen

A

lag phase

130
Q

This phase takes a week, activating the specialized B
and T cells that come into contact with the antigen

A

lag phase

131
Q

This is the phase of a rapid increase in antibody
production by the differentiated plasma cells (plasma cells)

A

exponential phase

132
Q

The increase in antibody production is because of the large number of plasma cells.

A

exponential phase

133
Q

This is a steady phase where the antibody level remains constant to maintain the levels of antibody replenishing and production. This means that the antibodies that get used up equal the antibodies that are produced.

A

plateau phase

134
Q

This phase involves a decrease in antibody levels due
to the decline in plasma cell numbers which are dying out of exhaustion of antibody production. During this phase, there are no new plasma cells being produced because the antigen or immunogen has been eliminated from the system.

A

decline phase

135
Q

Also known as the amnestic immune response

A

Secondary (Anamnestic) Antibody Response

136
Q

(T/F)
The secondary response to antigen occurs in a shorter time

A

true

137
Q

The amount of IgM is similar to that of the primary
response, whereas IgG may be up to one hundred times greater than that of the primary response

A

Secondary (Anamnestic) Antibody Response

138
Q

This is the subsequent immune response after the primary immune response

A

Secondary (Anamnestic) Antibody Response

139
Q

The response that occurs the second or third or fourth time the body encounters the same antigen it
encountered during the primary response

A

Secondary (Anamnestic) Antibody Response

140
Q

(T/F)
Immediately after the same antigen is encountered the memory lymphocytes induce the production of
antibodies.

A

true

141
Q

This response has a very short sharp lag phase which
means that both lag and exponential phases take place at ago. The antibody production levels increase rapidly within a short period, normally within a few days.

A

Secondary (Anamnestic) Antibody Response

142
Q

(T/F)
This is because of the antigen-specific memory T and B-cells produced during the primary response.

A

true

143
Q

(T/F)
Because of the rapidity of the secondary response, the antigen gets eliminated as soon as it encounters the memory cells and before it can cause disease.

A

true

144
Q

The antibodies produced during this response remain circulating freely to ensure complete elimination of the antigen.

A

Secondary (Anamnestic) Antibody Response

145
Q

Very specific antibody rising from a single plasma cell that has been cloned or duplicated

A

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY

146
Q

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY is discovered by ____ and ____

A

Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein

147
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are made when a cancerous cell or myeloma is fused with an antibody-producing cell to form a ______

A

hybridoma

148
Q

cancerous plasma cells

A

Myeloma cells

149
Q

HOW HYBRIDOMA IS PRODUCED?
Mouse is immunized with a specific antigen, then
the _____ is harvested.

A

spleen

150
Q

Spleen cells are fused with myeloma cells in the
presence of ______, producing hybridoma

A

polyethylene glycol (PEG)

151
Q

After fusion, cells are placed in culture containing ______, ______, and _____ to allow selective growth of hybridoma cells

A

hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT)

152
Q

Hybridoma cells produce ________ which are then harvested

A

monoclonal antibodies

Immunology & Serology (Lecture) (8 decks)

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