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Immunology & Serology (Lecture) > Antigens and The Major Histocompatibility Complex > Flashcards

Antigens and The Major Histocompatibility Complex Flashcards

1
Q

macromolecules capable of triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing the formation of antibodies or sensitized T cells in an immunocompetent host

A

immunogens

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2
Q

a substance that reacts with antibody or sensitized T cells but may not be able to evoke an immune response

A

antigen

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3
Q

T/F
all immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

A

true

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4
Q

Older individuals are more likely to have a decreased response to antigenic stimulation, neonates do not fully respond to immunogens, because their immune systems are not completely developed

A

age

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5
Q

Individuals who are malnourished, fatigued, or stressed are less likely to mount a successful immune response

A

overall health

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6
Q

A threshold dose, allows the innate immune response to take care of small amounts of pathogens and leave the adaptive response for pathogens that are present in large numbers

A

dose

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7
Q

Include intravenous (into a vein), intradermal (into the skin), subcutaneous (beneath the skin), and oral administration

A

route of inoculation

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8
Q

Linked to the MHC and to the receptors generated during T and B lymphocyte development

A

genetic capacity

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9
Q

molecular weight of at least 10,000 to be recognized by the immune system, and the best immunogens typically have a molecular weight of over 100,000 daltons

A

macromolecular size

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10
Q

______ is that the greater the molecular weight, the more potent the molecule is as an immunogen

A

the rule of thumb

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11
Q

proteins and polysaccharides are the best immunogens (amino acids)

A

chemical composition and molecular complexity

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12
Q

_______ recognize structures that project from the external surfaces of macromolecules

A

B cells

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13
Q

_____ have epitopes that also stimulate T cells, which is essential to generating T-cell help in antibody production

A

proteins

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14
Q

_______ are somewhat less immunogenic than protein

A

carbohydrates

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15
Q

Carbohydrates are somewhat less immunogenic
than protein:

A

glycolipids or glycoproteins

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16
Q

the A, B, and H blood group antigens are _______

A

glycolipids

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17
Q

the Rh and Lewis antigens are _______

A

glycoproteins

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18
Q

_______ and _______ are not immunogenic by themselves, although a response can be generated when they are attached to a suitable carrier molecule (DNA protein complex)

A

pure nucleic acids and lipids

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19
Q

being able to distinguish between self and non-self, and those substances recognized as non-self are immunogenic

A

foreignness

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20
Q

involves enzymatic digestion to create small peptides or pieces that can be complexed to MHC molecules to present to responsive lymphocytes

A

The ability to be processed and presented with MHC molecules

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21
Q

Determinant site

A

epitope

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22
Q

Molecular shapes or configurations that are recognized by B or T cells, may be repeating copies, or they may have differing specificities

A

epitope

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23
Q

Linear or conformational

A

epitope

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24
Q

surface antibody on B cells may react with both linear and conformational epitopes present on the surface of an immunogen

A

Epitope recognition by B cells

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25
Q

T cells recognize an epitope only as a part of a complex formed with MHC proteins on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell

A

Epitope recognition by T cells

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26
Q

Non-immunogenic materials that, when combined with a carrier, create new antigenic determinants

A

haptens

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27
Q

May be complexed artificially with carrier molecules in a laboratory setting, or this may occur naturally within a host and set off an immune response

A

haptens

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28
Q

Antigens that belong to the host

A

autoantigens

29
Q

These do not evoke an immune response under normal circumstances

A

autoantigens

30
Q

From other members of the host’s species

A

alloantigens

31
Q

Capable of eliciting an immune response

A

alloantigens

32
Q

They are important to consider in tissue transplantation and in blood transfusions

A

alloantigens

33
Q

From other species, such as other animals, plants, or microorganisms

A

heteroantigens

34
Q

Heteroantigens that exist in unrelated plants or animals but are either identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one will cross-react with an antigen of the other

A

heterophile antigens

35
Q

A substance administered with an immunogen that
increases the immune response; acts by producing a
local inflammatory response that attracts a large number of immune system cells to the injection site

A

adjuvants

36
Q

______ are the only ones approved for clinical use in the United States, and these are used to complex with the immunogen to increase its size and to prevent a rapid escape from the tissues

A

aluminum salts

37
Q

aluminum salts must be injected into the ____ to work

A

muscle

38
Q

_____ is an example of using this type of adjuvant

A

hepatitis b vaccination

39
Q

______ are thought to enhance the immune
response by prolonging the existence of immunogen in the area, increasing the effective size of the immunogen, and increasing the number of macrophages involved in antigen processing

A

adjuvants

40
Q

Formerly referred to as human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Dausset

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules

41
Q

They determine whether transplanted tissue is histocompatible and thus accepted or recognized as foreign and rejected

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules

42
Q

Main function is to bring antigen to the cell surface for recognition by T cells, because T-cell activation will occur only when antigen is combined with MHC molecules

A

major histocompatibility complex molecules

43
Q

They are relevant, because they may be involved in transfusion reactions, graft rejection, and autoimmune diseases

A

major histocompatibility complex molecules

44
Q

Genes controlling expression of these molecules
are actually a system of genes known as the _______

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

45
Q

Genes coding for the MHC molecules in humans are
found on the ______ and are divided into three categories or classes

A

short arm of chromosome 6

46
Q

______ are coded for at three different locations or loci, termed A, B, and C

A

class I molecules

47
Q

_____ are situated in the D region, and there are several different loci known as DR, DQ, and DP

A

class II genes

48
Q

There is a gene that codes for the alpha chain and one or more genes that code for the beta chain

A

class II genes

49
Q

______ coded between the class I and class II regions on chromosome, codes for complement proteins and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor

A

class III

50
Q

Expressed on all nucleated cells

A

class I

51
Q

Highest on lymphocytes and low or undetected on liver hepatocytes, neural cells, muscle cells, and sperm

A

class I

52
Q

Class I:
The alpha chain has a molecular weight of ______

A

45,000

53
Q

A lighter chain associated with it, called a ______, has a molecular weight of ______ (alpha chain domains – a1, a2, a3)

A

beta2-microglobulin
12,000

54
Q

reacts with CD8 on cytotoxic T cells

A

a3

55
Q

Found primarily on antigen-presenting cells, which
include B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

A

class II

56
Q

___ is expressed at the highest level, as it accounts for
about one-half of all the class II molecules on a particular cell

A

DR

57
Q

_____ is the most highly polymorphic, as 18 different alleles are known at this time

A

DR gene

58
Q

Both the chain, with a molecular weight of 33,000, and the chain, with a molecular weight of 27,000, are anchored to the cell membrane

A

class II

59
Q

To bind peptides within cells and transport them to the plasma membrane, where T cells can recognize them in the phenomenon known as antigen presentation

A

Role of MHC Class I and II

60
Q

Mainly present peptides that have been synthesized within the cell to CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells

A

class I

61
Q

The watchdogs of viral, tumor, and certain parasitic antigens that are synthesized within the cell

A

class I

62
Q

Display of hundreds of class I molecules complexed to antigen allows CD8+T cells to continuously check cell surfaces for the presence of non-self-antigens

A

class I

63
Q

If it recognizes an antigen as being foreign, the
CD8+T cell produces _____ that causes lysis of the entire cell

A

cytokines

64
Q

Present antigen to CD4 (helper) T cells

A

class II

65
Q

Mainly bind exogenous proteins – those taken into the cell from the outside and degraded

A

class II

66
Q

Stimulate CD4 T cells in the case of bacterial infections or the presence of other material that is endocytosed by the cell

A

class II

67
Q

On the cell surface, ______ are responsible for forming a trimolecular complex that occurs between antigen, class II molecule, and an appropriate T-cell receptor

A

class II molecules

68
Q

If binding occurs with a T-cell receptor on a CD4+T cell, the T helper cell recruits and triggers a B-cell response resulting in _____

A

antibody formation

Immunology & Serology (Lecture) (8 decks)

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