Immune Response & Cytokines Flashcards
1
Q
Can be cell-mediated (cellular) and antibody-mediated (humoral)
A
adaptive immunity
2
Q
Involves B cell activation, production of antibodies in blood plasma and lymph
A
humoral immunity
3
Q
About 1 to 2 weeks for a measurable amount of antibody to be observed
A
lag phase
4
Q
Rapid increase in the concentration of antibodies observed
A
exponential phase
5
Q
Production and degradation of antibodies are balanced
A
steady state
6
Q
Immune system begins to shut down
A
decline phase
7
Q
Accomplished by phagocytosis. Most injected Ag is
removed within minutes, but complete removal may take months or years
A
antigen elimination
8
Q
After exposure to antigen, there is latent pd of
approx. 5 to 15 days before antibody appears in the serum
A
the primary response
9
Q
Second or subsequent exposure to the same antigen elicits secondary response. there is rapid antibody response usually within 2 to 4 days after antigen exposure
A
the secondary response
10
Q
DURATION:
Long lag phase, short plateau, and rapid decline
A
primary response
11
Q
DURATION:
Short lag phase, long plateau, and gradual decline
A
secondary response
12
Q
cells in primary response
A
plasma cells
13
Q
cells in secondary response
A
memory cells
14
Q
type of antibody in primary response
A
IgM
15
Q
type of antibody in secondary response
A
IgG
16
Q
antibody titer in primary response
A
low
17
Q
antibody titer in secondary response
A
high
18
Q
antibody affinity in primary response
A
low
19
Q
antibody affinity in secondary response
A
high
20
Q
antibody avidity in primary response
A
high (increase valence)
21
Q
antibody avidity in secondary response
A
high
22
Q
Action of T cells; produces cytokines
A
CELLULAR (CELL-MEDIATED) IMMUNITY
23
Q
CD4 cells respond to antigen recognition
CD8 cells respond to antigen recognition
A
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
24
Q
Antigens that stimulate this response are mainly
intracellular
A
T CELLS AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
25
Requires constant presence of antigen to remain
effective
T CELLS AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
26
Unlike humoral immunity, cell mediated immunity is not transferred to the fetus
T CELLS AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
27
It is life-threatening systemic inflammatory syndromes involving elevated levels of circulating cytokines and immune-cell hyperactivation that can be triggered by various therapies, pathogens, cancers and autoimmune conditions
cytokine storm
28
(T/F)
The laboratory findings in cytokine storm are
variable and influenced by the underlying cause.
true
29
Universally elevated and correlate with severity
C-reactive protein (CRP)
30
Many patients have hypertriglyceridemia and various blood-count abnormalities, such as leukocytosis, leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated ferritin and d-dimer levels
cytokine storm
31
key cellular component of immunity
T cells
32
Helper T cells activate B cells to maturity and produce antibody
CD4+
33
Cytotoxic T cells that directly protect from viral infection by cell lysis
CD8+
34
Early thymocytes lack CD4 and CD8 markers
double-negative stage
35
Express both CD4 and CD8 antigens
double-positive stage
36
The development of two distinct T-cell populations
CD4+ (helper-inducer); CD8+ (suppressor cytotoxic)
mature T cell
37
The loss of Tdt enzyme
mature T cell
38
Produce interferon and tumor necrosis factor
Th1 cells
39
Protect cells against intracellular pathogens
Th1 cells
40
Responsible for cell-mediated effector mechanism
Th1 cells
41
Produce a variety of interleukins, IL-4, IL-5,IL-10, and IL-13
Th2 cells
42
Essential role is to help B cells produce antibody against extracellular pathogens
Th2 cells
43
Central role in immune response
T HELPER (TH) CELLS
44
Most are CD4+; CD8-
T helper (TH) cells
45
Recognize antigen on the surface of antigen presenting cells (e.g.: macrophage)
T helper (TH) cells
46
Activate macrophages
T helper (TH) cells
47
Stimulate B cell growth and differentiation
T helper (TH) cells
48
50-60% in the peripheral blood
T helper (TH) cells
49
produces IL-2, IL-3, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma
T helper (TH) cells
50
Destroy target cells
cytotoxic T (Tc) cells
51
Most are CD4 negative (CD4 -),CD8+
cytotoxic T (Tc) cells
52
Recognize antigens on the surface of all cells
cytotoxic T (Tc) cells
53
Kill host cells that are infected with viruses or bacteria
cytotoxic T (Tc) cells
54
Recognize and kill cancer cells
cytotoxic T (Tc) cells
55
Recognize and destroy transplanted tissue
cytotoxic T (Tc) cells
56
Release protein called perforin which forms a pore in target cell
cytotoxic T (Tc) cells
57
May shut down immune response
T suppressor (Ts) cells
58
downregulate the actions of T & B cells
T suppressor (Ts) cells
59
no unique markers
T suppressor (Ts) cells
60
Earliest B-cell precursor – recognized by surface
molecule CD45R
Pro B cells
61
recognized by surface molecule CD45R
earliest B cell precursor
62
Distinctive markers CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24, and c-Kit
pro B cells
63
Ig gene rearrangement
pre B cells
64
CD10 and CD19
pre B cells
65
Distinguished by the appearance of complete IgM molecules on the cell surface
immature B cells
66
CD21, CD 40, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules.expresses IgM on surface
immature B cells
67
IgM and IgD on cell surface
mature B cells
68
have a half-life of more than 6 weeks
mature B cells
69
CD25, receptor (IL-2)
activated B cells
70
Live for years as memory cells
activated B cells
71
Quickly transform to plasma cells and begin producing IgG
activated B cells
72
Secondary antibody response
activated B cells
73
End stage of B-cell differentiation
plasma cells
74
No further maturation
plasma cells
75
CD19
plasma cells
76
Not normally found in the circulating blood
plasma cells
77
Relatively short-lived
plasma cells
78
method for obtaining lymphocytes
Density gradient centrifugation with Ficoll-Hypaque
79
Layers from top to bottom:
Plasma, Mononuclear Cells, Ficoll-Hypaque, RBCs, Granulocytes
80
Use of labeled monoclonal antibodies against specific surface antigens
CELL FLOW CYTOMETRY
81
Light scattering is measured as cells flow through a laser beam
CELL FLOW CYTOMETRY
82
Automated
CELL FLOW CYTOMETRY
83
FACS meaning
FLUORESCENCE-ACTIVATED CELL SORTER
84
Old method; manual
rosette technique
85
T lymphocytes form rosettes with sheep’s RBC
rosette technique
86
Use of labeled monoclonal antibodies against specific surface antigens. Slides are read with a fluorescent microscope
direct or indirect immunofluorescence
87
Immunoenzymatic method to demonstrate immunoglobulins on B cells
surface immunoglobulins
88
Example of chemotaxins
C5a, C5b, C6, C7
89
Cell surface receptors
Fc receptor, complement receptor
90
Humoral and cell-mediated
immune response
91
Involves Ig production by B lymphocytes and complement
humoral immunity
92
3 phases of humoral immunity
antigen elimination
primary response
secondary response
93
Phagocytosis
antigen elimination
94
Latent period (5-15 days) before the antibody appears in the serum; IgM is the first Ig to appear and is the majority Ig produced
primary response
95
days in primary response
5-15 days
96
Second or any subsequent exposure to same antigen; rapid antibody response (2-4 days); IgG is the predominant Ig; circulating antibody titer is much higher and lasts longer than in primary response
secondary response
97
days in secondary response
2-4 days
98
Especially important in viral and fungal infections
and in infections caused by acid-fast bacilli
cellular immunity
99
______, _______, and ______ play a role in cell-mediated immunity
Macrophages, Tc, and NK cells
100
cells with cytolytic activity and Fc receptors, especially NK cells, are able to directly lyse antibody-coated (usually IgG) target cells
Antibody Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
101
are protein messengers produced by cells. Many play a role in cell-mediated immunity
cytokines
102
Are responsible for cell-mediated immune responses
T lymphocyte
103
_______ are CD4 positive and produce the lymphokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). They aid in B Cell differentiation, and they stimulate other T-cell populations
T helper cells (Th)
104
_______ are CD8 positive and produce factors that inhibit the action of other T cells
T suppressor cells (Ts)
105
Most ______ are CD8 positive. They secrete lymphotoxins and release perforins, which destroy cells recognized as foreign
cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
106
_______ are CD4 positive. They secrete macrophage chemotaxin and macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF)
Delayed-type hypersensitivity T cells (TDTH)
107
Produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-2
(IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β), which
protect cells against intracellular pathogens by activating cytotoxic lymphocytes and macrophages
Th1
108
Produce a variety of interleukins, including IL-4,
IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13; help B cells produce antibodies against extracellular pathogens and to generally regulate B-cell activity
Th2
109
Regulatory, possess the CD4 antigen as well as
CD25; comprise approximately 5% of all CD4+ T
cells; inhibit proliferation of other T-cell populations by secreting inhibitory cytokines and the response is antigen specific
Treg
110
Produce interleukin-9 (IL-9) and appear to have a
proinflammatory effect; they stimulate growth of
hematopoietic cells, especially mast cells which may they promote autoimmune inflammation
Th9
111
Produce interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interleukin-22
(IL-22). Both of these cytokines can increase inflammation and joint destruction. They have been associated with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease
Th17
112
Chemical messengers that regulate the immune
system, orchestrating both innate and adaptive
response to infection
cytokines
113
Chemical messengers that regulate the immune
system - small proteins produced by several
different types of cells that influence the
hematopoietic and immune systems through
activation of cell-bound receptors
cytokines
114
Are induced in response to the binding of stimuli,
such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, flagellin, or
other bacterial products, to specific cell receptors or through the recognition of foreign antigens by host lymphocytes
cytokines
115
It includes regulation of growth, differentiation, and gene expression by many different cell types, including leukocytes
cytokines
116
Responsible for many of the physical symptoms attributed to inflammation, such as fever, swelling, pain, and cellular infiltrates into damaged tissues
cytokines
117
cytokines families:
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Interferon (IFN), chemokine
Transforming growth factor (TGF)
Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
118
first isolated from lymphocytes and macrophages and was so named because it induced lysis in tumor cells; causes vasodilation and increased vasopermeability; trigger for TNF-α production
is the presence of lipopolysaccharide, which is
found in gram-negative bacteria; in excess may
lead to septic shock
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
119
enhance motility and promote migration of many types of white blood cells (WBCs) toward the
chemokine source via a process known as chemotaxis
Interferon (IFN), chemokine
120
a regulator of cell growth, differentiation,
apoptosis, migration, and the inflammatory
response
Transforming growth factor (TGF)
121
proliferation and differentiation of cell types
Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
122
Interleukins
Interleukins (IL)
123
Is produced by macrophages, B cells, and other cell
types. IL-1 activates T helper cells, increases the number of B cells, activates vascular endothelium, causes fever and acute-phase protein synthesis, and induces T cells to produce lymphokines
INTERLEUKIN 1 (IL-1)
124
Is produced by T helper cells
IL-2
125
causes proliferation of activated T and B cells
IL-2
126
Is produced by activated T cells
IL-3
127
increases the number of mast cells in the skin, spleen, and liver
IL-3
128
Is produced by activated T cells. IL-4 induces the
proliferation of T cells and class switching from IgM
to IgGl and IgE
IL-4
