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Immunology & Serology (Lecture) > Immune Response & Cytokines > Flashcards

Immune Response & Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

Can be cell-mediated (cellular) and antibody-mediated (humoral)

A

adaptive immunity

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2
Q

Involves B cell activation, production of antibodies in blood plasma and lymph

A

humoral immunity

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3
Q

About 1 to 2 weeks for a measurable amount of antibody to be observed

A

lag phase

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4
Q

Rapid increase in the concentration of antibodies observed

A

exponential phase

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5
Q

Production and degradation of antibodies are balanced

A

steady state

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6
Q

Immune system begins to shut down

A

decline phase

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7
Q

Accomplished by phagocytosis. Most injected Ag is
removed within minutes, but complete removal may take months or years

A

antigen elimination

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8
Q

After exposure to antigen, there is latent pd of
approx. 5 to 15 days before antibody appears in the serum

A

the primary response

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9
Q

Second or subsequent exposure to the same antigen elicits secondary response. there is rapid antibody response usually within 2 to 4 days after antigen exposure

A

the secondary response

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10
Q

DURATION:
Long lag phase, short plateau, and rapid decline

A

primary response

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11
Q

DURATION:
Short lag phase, long plateau, and gradual decline

A

secondary response

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12
Q

cells in primary response

A

plasma cells

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13
Q

cells in secondary response

A

memory cells

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14
Q

type of antibody in primary response

A

IgM

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15
Q

type of antibody in secondary response

A

IgG

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16
Q

antibody titer in primary response

A

low

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17
Q

antibody titer in secondary response

A

high

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18
Q

antibody affinity in primary response

A

low

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19
Q

antibody affinity in secondary response

A

high

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20
Q

antibody avidity in primary response

A

high (increase valence)

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21
Q

antibody avidity in secondary response

A

high

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22
Q

Action of T cells; produces cytokines

A

CELLULAR (CELL-MEDIATED) IMMUNITY

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23
Q

CD4 cells respond to antigen recognition
CD8 cells respond to antigen recognition

A

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

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24
Q

Antigens that stimulate this response are mainly
intracellular

A

T CELLS AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

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25
Q

Requires constant presence of antigen to remain
effective

A

T CELLS AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

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26
Q

Unlike humoral immunity, cell mediated immunity is not transferred to the fetus

A

T CELLS AND CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

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27
Q

It is life-threatening systemic inflammatory syndromes involving elevated levels of circulating cytokines and immune-cell hyperactivation that can be triggered by various therapies, pathogens, cancers and autoimmune conditions

A

cytokine storm

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28
Q

(T/F)
The laboratory findings in cytokine storm are
variable and influenced by the underlying cause.

A

true

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29
Q

Universally elevated and correlate with severity

A

C-reactive protein (CRP)

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30
Q

Many patients have hypertriglyceridemia and various blood-count abnormalities, such as leukocytosis, leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated ferritin and d-dimer levels

A

cytokine storm

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31
Q

key cellular component of immunity

A

T cells

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32
Q

Helper T cells activate B cells to maturity and produce antibody

A

CD4+

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33
Q

Cytotoxic T cells that directly protect from viral infection by cell lysis

A

CD8+

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34
Q

Early thymocytes lack CD4 and CD8 markers

A

double-negative stage

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35
Q

Express both CD4 and CD8 antigens

A

double-positive stage

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36
Q

The development of two distinct T-cell populations
CD4+ (helper-inducer); CD8+ (suppressor cytotoxic)

A

mature T cell

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37
Q

The loss of Tdt enzyme

A

mature T cell

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38
Q

Produce interferon and tumor necrosis factor

A

Th1 cells

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39
Q

Protect cells against intracellular pathogens

A

Th1 cells

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40
Q

Responsible for cell-mediated effector mechanism

A

Th1 cells

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41
Q

Produce a variety of interleukins, IL-4, IL-5,IL-10, and IL-13

A

Th2 cells

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42
Q

Essential role is to help B cells produce antibody against extracellular pathogens

A

Th2 cells

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43
Q

Central role in immune response

A

T HELPER (TH) CELLS

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44
Q

Most are CD4+; CD8-

A

T helper (TH) cells

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45
Q

Recognize antigen on the surface of antigen presenting cells (e.g.: macrophage)

A

T helper (TH) cells

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46
Q

Activate macrophages

A

T helper (TH) cells

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47
Q

Stimulate B cell growth and differentiation

A

T helper (TH) cells

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48
Q

50-60% in the peripheral blood

A

T helper (TH) cells

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49
Q

produces IL-2, IL-3, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma

A

T helper (TH) cells

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50
Q

Destroy target cells

A

cytotoxic T (Tc) cells

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51
Q

Most are CD4 negative (CD4 -),CD8+

A

cytotoxic T (Tc) cells

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52
Q

Recognize antigens on the surface of all cells

A

cytotoxic T (Tc) cells

53
Q

Kill host cells that are infected with viruses or bacteria

A

cytotoxic T (Tc) cells

54
Q

Recognize and kill cancer cells

A

cytotoxic T (Tc) cells

55
Q

Recognize and destroy transplanted tissue

A

cytotoxic T (Tc) cells

56
Q

Release protein called perforin which forms a pore in target cell

A

cytotoxic T (Tc) cells

57
Q

May shut down immune response

A

T suppressor (Ts) cells

58
Q

downregulate the actions of T & B cells

A

T suppressor (Ts) cells

59
Q

no unique markers

A

T suppressor (Ts) cells

60
Q

Earliest B-cell precursor – recognized by surface
molecule CD45R

A

Pro B cells

61
Q

recognized by surface molecule CD45R

A

earliest B cell precursor

62
Q

Distinctive markers CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24, and c-Kit

A

pro B cells

63
Q

Ig gene rearrangement

A

pre B cells

64
Q

CD10 and CD19

A

pre B cells

65
Q

Distinguished by the appearance of complete IgM molecules on the cell surface

A

immature B cells

66
Q

CD21, CD 40, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules.expresses IgM on surface

A

immature B cells

67
Q

IgM and IgD on cell surface

A

mature B cells

68
Q

have a half-life of more than 6 weeks

A

mature B cells

69
Q

CD25, receptor (IL-2)

A

activated B cells

70
Q

Live for years as memory cells

A

activated B cells

71
Q

Quickly transform to plasma cells and begin producing IgG

A

activated B cells

72
Q

Secondary antibody response

A

activated B cells

73
Q

End stage of B-cell differentiation

A

plasma cells

74
Q

No further maturation

A

plasma cells

75
Q

CD19

A

plasma cells

76
Q

Not normally found in the circulating blood

A

plasma cells

77
Q

Relatively short-lived

A

plasma cells

78
Q

method for obtaining lymphocytes

A

Density gradient centrifugation with Ficoll-Hypaque

79
Q

Layers from top to bottom:

A

Plasma, Mononuclear Cells, Ficoll-Hypaque, RBCs, Granulocytes

80
Q

Use of labeled monoclonal antibodies against specific surface antigens

A

CELL FLOW CYTOMETRY

81
Q

Light scattering is measured as cells flow through a laser beam

A

CELL FLOW CYTOMETRY

82
Q

Automated

A

CELL FLOW CYTOMETRY

83
Q

FACS meaning

A

FLUORESCENCE-ACTIVATED CELL SORTER

84
Q

Old method; manual

A

rosette technique

85
Q

T lymphocytes form rosettes with sheep’s RBC

A

rosette technique

86
Q

Use of labeled monoclonal antibodies against specific surface antigens. Slides are read with a fluorescent microscope

A

direct or indirect immunofluorescence

87
Q

Immunoenzymatic method to demonstrate immunoglobulins on B cells

A

surface immunoglobulins

88
Q

Example of chemotaxins

A

C5a, C5b, C6, C7

89
Q

Cell surface receptors

A

Fc receptor, complement receptor

90
Q

Humoral and cell-mediated

A

immune response

91
Q

Involves Ig production by B lymphocytes and complement

A

humoral immunity

92
Q

3 phases of humoral immunity

A

antigen elimination
primary response
secondary response

93
Q

Phagocytosis

A

antigen elimination

94
Q

Latent period (5-15 days) before the antibody appears in the serum; IgM is the first Ig to appear and is the majority Ig produced

A

primary response

95
Q

days in primary response

A

5-15 days

96
Q

Second or any subsequent exposure to same antigen; rapid antibody response (2-4 days); IgG is the predominant Ig; circulating antibody titer is much higher and lasts longer than in primary response

A

secondary response

97
Q

days in secondary response

A

2-4 days

98
Q

Especially important in viral and fungal infections
and in infections caused by acid-fast bacilli

A

cellular immunity

99
Q

______, _______, and ______ play a role in cell-mediated immunity

A

Macrophages, Tc, and NK cells

100
Q

cells with cytolytic activity and Fc receptors, especially NK cells, are able to directly lyse antibody-coated (usually IgG) target cells

A

Antibody Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

101
Q

are protein messengers produced by cells. Many play a role in cell-mediated immunity

A

cytokines

102
Q

Are responsible for cell-mediated immune responses

A

T lymphocyte

103
Q

_______ are CD4 positive and produce the lymphokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). They aid in B Cell differentiation, and they stimulate other T-cell populations

A

T helper cells (Th)

104
Q

_______ are CD8 positive and produce factors that inhibit the action of other T cells

A

T suppressor cells (Ts)

105
Q

Most ______ are CD8 positive. They secrete lymphotoxins and release perforins, which destroy cells recognized as foreign

A

cytotoxic T cells (Tc)

106
Q

_______ are CD4 positive. They secrete macrophage chemotaxin and macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF)

A

Delayed-type hypersensitivity T cells (TDTH)

107
Q

Produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-2
(IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β), which
protect cells against intracellular pathogens by activating cytotoxic lymphocytes and macrophages

A

Th1

108
Q

Produce a variety of interleukins, including IL-4,
IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13; help B cells produce antibodies against extracellular pathogens and to generally regulate B-cell activity

A

Th2

109
Q

Regulatory, possess the CD4 antigen as well as
CD25; comprise approximately 5% of all CD4+ T
cells; inhibit proliferation of other T-cell populations by secreting inhibitory cytokines and the response is antigen specific

A

Treg

110
Q

Produce interleukin-9 (IL-9) and appear to have a
proinflammatory effect; they stimulate growth of
hematopoietic cells, especially mast cells which may they promote autoimmune inflammation

A

Th9

111
Q

Produce interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interleukin-22
(IL-22). Both of these cytokines can increase inflammation and joint destruction. They have been associated with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease

A

Th17

112
Q

Chemical messengers that regulate the immune
system, orchestrating both innate and adaptive
response to infection

A

cytokines

113
Q

Chemical messengers that regulate the immune
system - small proteins produced by several
different types of cells that influence the
hematopoietic and immune systems through
activation of cell-bound receptors

A

cytokines

114
Q

Are induced in response to the binding of stimuli,
such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, flagellin, or
other bacterial products, to specific cell receptors or through the recognition of foreign antigens by host lymphocytes

A

cytokines

115
Q

It includes regulation of growth, differentiation, and gene expression by many different cell types, including leukocytes

A

cytokines

116
Q

Responsible for many of the physical symptoms attributed to inflammation, such as fever, swelling, pain, and cellular infiltrates into damaged tissues

A

cytokines

117
Q

cytokines families:

A

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Interferon (IFN), chemokine
Transforming growth factor (TGF)
Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

118
Q

first isolated from lymphocytes and macrophages and was so named because it induced lysis in tumor cells; causes vasodilation and increased vasopermeability; trigger for TNF-α production
is the presence of lipopolysaccharide, which is
found in gram-negative bacteria; in excess may
lead to septic shock

A

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

119
Q

enhance motility and promote migration of many types of white blood cells (WBCs) toward the
chemokine source via a process known as chemotaxis

A

Interferon (IFN), chemokine

120
Q

a regulator of cell growth, differentiation,
apoptosis, migration, and the inflammatory
response

A

Transforming growth factor (TGF)

121
Q

proliferation and differentiation of cell types

A

Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

122
Q

Interleukins

A

Interleukins (IL)

123
Q

Is produced by macrophages, B cells, and other cell
types. IL-1 activates T helper cells, increases the number of B cells, activates vascular endothelium, causes fever and acute-phase protein synthesis, and induces T cells to produce lymphokines

A

INTERLEUKIN 1 (IL-1)

124
Q

Is produced by T helper cells

A

IL-2

125
Q

causes proliferation of activated T and B cells

A

IL-2

126
Q

Is produced by activated T cells

A

IL-3

127
Q

increases the number of mast cells in the skin, spleen, and liver

A

IL-3

128
Q

Is produced by activated T cells. IL-4 induces the
proliferation of T cells and class switching from IgM
to IgGl and IgE

A

IL-4

Immunology & Serology (Lecture) (8 decks)

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