Cell VS. Humoral Innate Immunity

Question 1

the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body

Answer 1

immunology

Question 2

the condition of being resistant to infection

Answer 2

immunity

Question 3

a foreign substance that induces an immune response

Answer 3

antigen

Question 4

the practice of deliberately exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesions

Answer 4

variolation

Question 5

discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox

deliberately injected individuals with material from cowpox lesions to protect them from smallpox, known as vaccination

Answer 5

edward jenner (1700s)

Question 6

the phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent

Answer 6

cross-immunity

Question 7

often called the “father of immunology”

discovered his attenuated vaccine while working with the bacteria that caused chicken cholera

Answer 7

louis pasteur (1800s)

Question 8

change

may occur through heat, aging, or chemical means

Answer 8

attenuation

Question 9

discovered phagocytosis (cells that eat cells)

hypothesized that immunity to a disease was based on the action of the scavenger cell

Answer 9

ellie metchnikoff (late 1800s)

Question 10

demonstrated that diphtheria and tetanus toxins, which are produced by specific microorganisms as they grow

could be neutralized by the noncellular portion of the blood of animals previously exposed to the microorganisms, giving birth to the theory or humoral immunity

Answer 10

emil von behring

Question 11

linked the two theories by showing that the immune response involved both cellular and humoral elements

he observed that certain humoral, or circulating, factors called opsonins acted to coat bacteria so that they became more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells

these serum factors include specific proteins known as antibodies, as well as other factors called acute-phase reactants that increase nonspecifically in any infection

Answer 11

almroth wright (1903)

Question 12

the important process in host defense by which particles or complexes are made readily ingestible for uptake by phagocytic cells

specific serum proteins, known as opsonins, coat particles and cause the particles to bind avidly to phagocytes and trigger ingestion

Answer 12

opsonization

Question 13

a cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles, including foreign substances, microorganisms, and apoptotic cells

Answer 13

phagocytosis

Question 14

The movement of phagocytes toward an increasing
concentration of some attractant such as bacterial
factors (bacterial proteins, capsules, LPS,
peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, etc.), complement
proteins (C5a), chemokines (chemotactic cytokines
such as interleukin-8 secreted by various cells), fibrin
split products, kinins, and phospholipids released by
injured host cells
DIAPEDESIS
o The movement of le

Answer 14

chemotaxis

Question 15

The movement of leukocytes (neutrophils) out of the
blood vessels and towards the site of tissue damage or
infection

Answer 15

diapedesis

Question 16

Both cells and soluble factors play essential parts

Designed to recognize molecules that are unique to
infectious organisms

White blood cells seek out and destroy foreign cells by
participating in phagocytosis

Answer 16

internal defense system

Question 17

Normal serum constituents that increase rapidly by at
least 25 percent due to infection, injury, or trauma to the
tissues

Produced primarily by hepatocytes within 12-24 hours
in response to an increase intercellular signaling
polypeptides – cytokines

Answer 17

acute-phase reactants

Question 18

Elevated in bacterial infections, rheumatic fever, viral
infections, malignant diseases, tuberculosis, and after a
heart attack

Capable of opsonization (the coating of foreign
particles), agglutination, precipitation, and activation of
complement by the classical pathway

Answer 18

C-reactive proteins

Question 19

An apolipoprotein that is synthesized in the liver,
associated with HDL cholesterol, removing cholesterol
from cholesterol-filled macrophages

At the site of tissue injury, facilitates recycling of cell
membrane cholesterol and phospholipids for reuse in
building membranes of new cells required during acute
inflammation

Answer 19

serum amyloid A

Question 20

Refers to a series of serum proteins that are normally
present and whose overall function is mediation of
inflammation

Major functions of complement are opsonization,
chemotaxis, and lysis of cells

Answer 20

complement

Question 21

An opsonin able to recognize foreign carbohydrates
such as mannose and several other sugars found
primarily on bacteria, some yeasts, viruses, and several
parasites

Answer 21

mannose-binding protein (MBP)

Question 22

A general plasma inhibitor of proteases (enzymes that
contributes to the virulence of bacteria) released from
leukocytes, especially elastase

Answer 22

alpha-1 antitrypsin

Question 23

an endogenous enzyme that can
degrade elastin and collagen

Answer 23

elastase

Question 24

Binds irreversibly to free hemoglobin released by
intravascular hemolysis, the complex is cleared rapidly
by Kupffer and parenchymal cells in the liver, thus
preventing loss of free hemoglobin

Answer 24

haptoglobin

Question 25

The most abundant of the coagulation factors in plasma, and it forms the fibrin clot, formation of a clot also creates a barrier that helps prevent the spread of microorganisms further into the body

Answer 25

fibrinogen

Question 26

The principal copper-transporting protein in human plasma, circulating copper is absorbed out by the liver and either combined with ceruloplasmin and returned to the plasma or excreted into the bile duct

Answer 26

ceruloplasmin

Question 27

Contain a large number of neutral staining granules, which are classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary granules

Answer 27

neutrophils

Question 28

contain enzymes such as myeloperoxidase, elastase, proteinase 3, lysozyme, cathepsin G, and defensins, small proteins that have antibacterial activity ✓ Attracted to a specific area by chemotactic factors

Answer 28

Primary granules/azurophilic granules

Question 29

characterized by the presence of collagenase, lactoferrin, lysozyme, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and membrane proteins normally associated with the plasma membrane

Answer 29

secondary granules

Question 30

gelatinase and plasminogen activator

Answer 30

tertiary granules

Question 31

chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction

Answer 31

chemotaxins

Question 32

Primary granules contain acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase, while eosinophil-specific granules contain several different proteins: major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin Most important role is neutralizing basophil and mast cell products and killing certain parasites

Answer 32

eosinophils

Question 33

Constituents of these granules are histamine, a small amount of heparin, and eosinophil chemotactic factor- A, all of which have an important function in inducing and maintaining immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 33

basophils

Question 34

They are connective tissue cells of mesenchymal origin, and they have a long-life span of between 9 and 18 months. They are widely distributed throughout the body and are larger than basophils

Answer 34

mast cells

Question 35

These granules are actually of two types, one of which contains peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and arylsulfatase; this indicates that these granules are similar to the lysosomes of neutrophils. The other type of granule may contain β-glucuronidase, lysozyme, and lipase, but no alkaline phosphatase

Answer 35

monocytes

Question 36

Monocyte-macrophage system plays an important role in initiating and regulating the immune response, functions include microbial killing, tumoricidal activity, intracellular parasite eradication, phagocytosis, secretion of cell mediators, and antigen presentation Killing activity is enhanced when macrophages become “activated” by contact with microorganisms or with chemical messengers called cytokines, which are released by T lymphocytes during the immune response

Answer 36

tissue macrophages

Question 37

Main function is to phagocytose antigen and present it to helper T lymphocytes After capturing antigen in the tissue by phagocytosis or endocytosis, they migrate to the blood and to lymphoid organs, where they present antigen to T lymphocytes to initiate the acquired immune response. They are the most potent phagocytic cell in the tissue

Answer 37

dendritic cells

Question 38

The process of phagocytosis consists of four main steps:

Answer 38

1. Physical contact between the white cell and the foreign particle 2. Formation of a phagosome 3. Fusion with cytoplasmic granules to form a phagolysosome 4. Digestion and release of debris to the outside

Question 39

Enhanced by opsonins, a term derived from the Greek word meaning _____

Answer 39

“to prepare for eating.”

Question 40

serum proteins that attach to a foreign substance and help prepare it for phagocytosis

Answer 40

opsonins

Question 41

3 important opsonins

Answer 41

C-reactive protein complement components antibodies

Question 42

Overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent, cellular and humoral mechanisms are involved

Answer 42

inflammation

Question 43

Four cardinal signs or clinical symptoms of inflammation

Answer 43

redness swelling heat pain

Question 44

Major events associated with the process of inflammation are:

Answer 44

1. Increased blood supply to the infected area 2. Increased capillary permeability caused by retraction of endothelial cells lining the vessels 3. Migration of white blood cells, mainly neutrophils, from the capillaries to the surrounding tissue 4. Migration of macrophages to the injured area

Question 45

Chemical mediators such as _____ which are released from injured mast cells, cause dilation of the blood vessels and bring additional blood flow to the affected area, resulting in redness and heat. The increased permeability of the vessels allows fluids in the plasma to leak to the tissues

Answer 45

histamine

Question 46

____ which are mobilized within 30 to 60 minutes after the injury, are the major type of cell present in acute inflammation.

Answer 46

neutrophils

Question 47

Neutrophil emigration may last ______ and is proportional to the level of chemotactic factors present in the area

Answer 47

24 to 48 hours

Question 48

Migration of macrophages from surrounding tissue and from blood monocytes occurs several hours later and peaks at ______

Answer 48

16 to 48 hours

Question 49

When the inflammatory process becomes prolonged, it is said to be ______, and tissue damage and loss of function may result

Answer 49

chronic

Question 50

Events in the inflammatory response:

Answer 50

1. Increased blood supply to the affected area 2. Increased capillary permeability 3. Migration of neutrophils and macrophages to the tissues. 4. Phagocytosis 5. Clinical signs at the site include erythema and edema 6. Tissue healing