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Histology > Introduction to Histology > Flashcards

Introduction to Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Typically how thin is a slice

A

4 microns

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2
Q

How is bone examined

A

Demineralised - for thin sections

Ground down (has minerals) - thick slide

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3
Q

What is the most common used dye in combination

A

Haematoxylin and Eosin(H&E)

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4
Q

H&E

Structured stained
Colours

A

Nuclei - Blue
Cell cytoplasm - Pink
Extracellular fibres (e.g. collagen, elastic) - pink
Extra-cellular matrix - does not stain

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5
Q

What does PAS stain highlight

A

Sugars

Good for
- goblet cells in small intestine
- glycosaminoglycans in intestinal brush border

Stains sugars rich magenta

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6
Q

What does Van Gieson stain highight

A

Elastic

Can be difficult to see on H&E - appears as thick pink bands

See as wavy brownish bands

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7
Q

What does trichrome stain highlight

A

3 types of cells
- Mucin = blue

Massons’s trichrome (most common)
- Stains variety of different tissues different colours in the same section

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8
Q

What does Alcian blue stain highlight

A

Mucins

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9
Q

What is size of a cell dependent upon

A

Function

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10
Q

What is a small cell

A

Lymphocytes about 10um D with very little cytoplasm

Normally small if they need to move around the body

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11
Q

What is a large cell

A

Motor neurons 100um wide with axons up to 1 metre in length

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12
Q

What shape are blood cells usually

A

Spherical

Red blood cells = biconcave discs (appear round)

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13
Q

What cells are fusiform

A

Smooth muscle cells/fibroblasts

Spindle shaped/elliptical

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14
Q

How are you able to tell where one cell ends and the next starts

A

Most cells have one nucleus

Can infer where cell membrane is by distance between nuclei and dividing by two

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15
Q

What are dormant/metabolically inactive cells

A

Generally smaller than metabolically active cells

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16
Q

What are metabolically active cells

A

Have an abundance of cellular components due to being metabolically active e.g. mitochondria

Commonly have nucleoli - sites of DNA transcription into RNA

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17
Q

What cells last for days

A

Lining of the gut (small and large intestine) approx. 4-5 days

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18
Q

What cells last for months

A

Lots of tissues
e.g. blood, skin, connective tissue

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19
Q

How long do red blood cells last for

A

120 days

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20
Q

What cells last for years

A

Bones and tendons

21
Q

What cells last for nearly whole life

A

(limited regeneration)

Skeletal muscle

22
Q

What cells last for whole life

A

No capacity to regenerate

Nerves and brain
Cardiac (heart) muscle
Germ cells

23
Q

What is the nucleus

A

Brain of the cell

Surrounded by double nuclear membrane there are numerous small pores to allow passage pf ribosomal RNA and chemical messengers

Contains chromatin
Darked areas - heterochromatin
Lighter colours - euchromatin

24
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

1-3um in D

Site of ribosomal RNA formation

25
Q

What is the mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of cell

Site of oxidation of phosphorylation

Have own DNA

Double membrane - inner membrane is highly folded (cristae - between = mitochondrial matrix) outside = smooth

26
Q

What is the function of associated enzymes in the outer membrane of the mitochondria

A

Lipid synthesis
Fatty acid metabolism

27
Q

What is the function of associated enzymes in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

Respiratory chain
ATP production

28
Q

What is the function of associated enzymes in the matrix of the mitochondria

A

TCA (Kreb’s Cycle)

29
Q

What is the function of associated enzymes in the intermembranous space of the mitochondria

A

Nucleotide phosphorylation (ADP to ATP)

30
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Site of protein synthesis

Highly folded flattened membrane sheets - studded with ribosomes

31
Q

What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Site of lipid synthesis

Processes synthesised proteins

Highly folded flattened membrane sheets - no ribosomes

32
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus

A

Parallel stacks of membranes

Processes macromolecules synthesised in the ER

Frequently not visible on light microscopy

Particularly prominent in plasma cells (activated B lymphocytes) - seen as perinuclear ‘hoff’

33
Q

What are vesicles

A

Very small spherical membrane-bound organelles

Used for transport, storage and exchanging cell membrane between compartments

34
Q

Name the types of vesicles

A

Cell surface derived pinocytotic and phagocytotic vesicles

Golgi-derived transport vesicles

ER-derived transport vesicles

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

35
Q

What are lysosomes

A

Derived from Golgi apparatus

Site where proteins are degraded

H+-ATPase on membrane creates low internal pH (5)

Contain acid hydrolases that degrader proteins

Initial hydrolase vesicles fuse with endosomes with the correct membrane proteins to produce endolysosomes

36
Q

What are peroxisomes

A

Small (0.5-1um)

Membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes which oxidise long-chain fatty acids

37
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

Supports cell shape

Comprised of different types of filaments

38
Q

What cell does not contain tubulin proteins

A

Red blood cells (do not divide)

39
Q

Where is cytokeratins found

A

Epithelial cells

40
Q

Where is desmin found

A

Myocytes (muscle cells)

41
Q

Where is glial fibrillary acidic protein found

A

Astrocytic glial cells (supportive cells of nervous system)

42
Q

Where is neurofilament protein found

A

Neurons

43
Q

Where is nuclear lamina found

A

Nuclei of all cells

44
Q

Where is vimentin found

A

Mesodermal cells

45
Q

What are the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton

A

Cytokeratins
Desmin
Glial fibrillary acidic protein
Neurofilament protein
Nuclear lamina
Vimentin

46
Q

What are types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Supporting tissues
Nerves
Germ cells

47
Q

What is the purpose of the epithelia

A

Protection
Absorption
Secretion

48
Q

What is a liquid connecting tissue

A

Blood

49
Q

Where are lymphocytes found in large numbers

A

Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Thymus Gland

Histology (17 decks)

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