Introduction to Haem

Question 1

What is the basic definition of blood?

Answer 1

Cells suspended in plasma

Question 2

How many types of blood cells are there?

Answer 2

3

Question 3

What are the types of blood cells?

Answer 3

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) White Blood Cells (WBCs) Platelets

Question 4

What are the 3 functions of blood?

Answer 4

Transport O2 Fight infection Prevent bleeding

Question 5

What is haematopoiesis?

Answer 5

Production of blood

Question 6

What is blood derived from?

Answer 6

Pluripotent stem cells

Question 7

Where does haematopoiesis occur as an embryo?

Answer 7

Yolk sac>Liver>Marrow +Spleen during 3rd to 7th month

Question 8

Where does haematopoiesis occur at birth?

Answer 8

Mostly in bone marrow Liver and spleen if needed

Question 9

Where does haematopoiesis occur as an adult?

Answer 9

In axial skeleton: -Skull -Ribs -Sternum -Pelvis -Femur

Question 10

How many red cells are produced per minute?

Answer 10

100 million

Question 11

How many Neutrophils are produced in a minute?

Answer 11

60 million

Question 12

How many platelets are produced in a minute?

Answer 12

150 million

Question 13

Describe the stages of Erythropoiesis

Answer 13

Pronormboblast Early normboblast Intermediate normoblast Late normoblast Reticulocyte Ertytrocyte (Mature RBC)

Question 14

What is the function of RBCs?

Answer 14

Carry O2 Buffer CO2

Question 15

What is the function of Platelets?

Answer 15

Stop bleeding

Question 16

What is the function of white cells?

Answer 16

Fight infection

Question 17

What are the types of white cells?

Answer 17

Monocytes Lymphocytes Granulocytes: Neutrophils Basophils Eosiniophils

Question 18

What type of cell is this?

Answer 18

Neutrophil

-Polymorphic nucleus

Question 19

What increases neutrophil levels?

Answer 19

Infection

Trauma

Infarction

Question 20

What type of Cell is this?

Answer 20

Eosinophil

• Bi-lobed nucleus
• Orange/red granules

Question 21

What is the function of eosinophils?

Answer 21

Fight parasitic infections

Hypersensitivity

Question 22

What increases eosinophil levels?

Answer 22

Allergic conditions

• Asthma
• Atopic rhinitis

Question 23

What kind of cell is this?

Answer 23

Basophil

-Deep purple granules

Question 24

What is the function of basophils?

Answer 24

Hypersensitivity

Fc receptors to IgM

Granules contain histamine

Question 25

What cell is the precursor for macrophages?

Answer 25

Monocytes

Question 26

What is the function of monocytes/macrophages?

Answer 26

Phagocytose invaders Present antigens to lymphocytes

Question 27

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

Answer 27

Mature Activated

Question 28

What do mature lymphocytes look like?

Answer 28

Small with condensed nucleus and rim of cytoplasm

Question 29

What do activated lymphocytes look like?

Answer 29

Large with plentiful blue cytoplasm

Question 30

What are 3 subtypes to lymphocytes?

Answer 30

B cells T cells Natural Killer (NK) cells

Question 31

How is the haematopoetic system examined?

Answer 31

Look at blood Look at bone marrow Examine spleen liver and lymph nodes

Question 32

Where is bone marrow most commonly aspirated?

Answer 32

Posterior iliac crests