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Equine Med and Surgery > Introduction to Equine Colic > Flashcards

Introduction to Equine Colic Flashcards

1
Q

Define colic

A

abdominal pain, GI origin

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2
Q

Is colic a diagnosis?

A

no it is a clinic sign

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3
Q

what is the most common cause of equine mortality?

A

colic

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4
Q

what are signs of colic?

A

pawing
lying down
rolling
backing up
stretching out
looking around at abdomen
rolling lips (flehmen)

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5
Q

If this horse is rolling, pawing, looking around at his abdomen, and presenting like this what do you think he has?

A

colic

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6
Q

what are some diseases that can cause false colic?

A

myopathy
urinary obstruction
uterine torsion/contraction
peritonitis/pleuritis

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7
Q

what does this indicate?

A

common sign of colic

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8
Q

How does pain from colic cause problems?

A

sympathtic discharge -> ileus, gas distention, displacement, strangulation

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9
Q

what are the origins of pain in colic?

A

spasm
distention - stretches visceral peritoneum
ischemia
inflammation
peritonitis-parietal pain

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10
Q

How can endotoxemia occur with colic?

A

any bowel compromise

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11
Q

what is the difference between strangulation and non-strangulating infarction?

A

strangulation - ischemia with distention
non-strangulating infarction - ischemia only

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12
Q

what is this?

A

strangulation obstruction

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13
Q

what is this?

A

strangulation obstruction
-epithelium gone
-endotoxins in
-hemorrhage

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14
Q

what are important things to ask for history with a colic?

A

degree and change in pain
last defecation
sweating
signs of pain
response to treatment
previous colic or abd surgery

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15
Q

how would you describe these MM?

A

normal

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16
Q

how would you describe these MM?

A

pale

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17
Q

how would you describe these MM?

A

injected/cyanotic rim

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18
Q

how would you describe these MM?

A

vasodilatory stage of septic shock

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19
Q

when is temperature increased and decreased with colic?

A

increased - enteritis
decreased - shock

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20
Q

when is the respiratory effort increased with colic?

A

abdominal gas distention
diaphragmatic hernia

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21
Q

when is pule bounding, weak, and inc?

A

bounding - vasodilation
weak - shock
inc - pain increases

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22
Q

what is boborygmi-productive intestial movement?

A

gurgle sounds

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23
Q

what happens to GI sounds with increased pain?

A

decrease - sympathetic discharge

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24
Q

when can you get a fluid wave sound?

A

on a foal (uroperitoneum)
limited in adults

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25
Q

what is secussion (depress and release abdominal) indicative of in a colic?

A

parietal pain

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26
Q

where do you listen for sand colic in a horse?

A

along xyphoid

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27
Q

what is a way to indicate if the reflux is gastric vs small intestine?

A

test nasogastric reflux pH

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28
Q

If a horse refluxes do you treat through the tube or thorough other means?

A

other mean
DONT treat through tube

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29
Q

During a rectal exam what large structure is on the left?

A

pelvic flexure

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30
Q

How do you tell the difference between the dorsal and ventral colon in a rectal exam?

A

dorsal - smooth
ventral - has haustrae

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31
Q

During a rectal exam what large structure is on the right?

A

cecum

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32
Q

where do you check for the nephrosplenic space?

A

left dorsal quadrant

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33
Q

where is the spleen felt during a rectal exam?

A

against left abdominal wall

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34
Q

what does it mean if during your rectal exam your arm is floating? (feels like you’re in space)

A

blood/hemoabdomen
ascites

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35
Q

How will peritonitis feel during a rectal? what is normal?

A

gritty/rough
normal - smooth

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36
Q

where can you normally feel the SI during a rectal?

A

you normally can’t feel it

37
Q

how much of the SI must be distended to distend abdomen?

A

entire SI

38
Q

what is a risk of rectals?

A

rectal tear

39
Q

what do you do if you think you have a rectal tear?

A

go in with bear fingers and if found pack from cranial to tear

40
Q

do you suture a rectum if there is a rectal tear?

A

no

41
Q

Label each category for the colic prognosis - Good, Guarded, Poor

A
42
Q

what is something to be aware of when evaluating a slow pulse in a colic horse?

A

vagal tone may slow pulse in severe cases

43
Q

what does the PCV measure in a CBC?

A

hydration/metabolic status

44
Q

what can a normal WBC indicate for a colic horse?

A

displacement, strangulation, other

45
Q

what can an inc WBC indicate for a colic horse?

A

stress, infection, rarely colitis

46
Q

what can electrolytes, blood gas, and enzymes indicate in BW for a colic?

A

Electrolytes - correct for bowel function
BG - acid base correction
Enzymes - not usually a problem

47
Q

what can a dec WBC indicate for a colic horse?

A

endotoxemia-enteritis
fever would be seen too with enteritis

48
Q

As the lactate value goes up in BW what happens to the prognosis?

A

it goes down

49
Q

what will happen to a belly tap that has punctured a colon in an adult horse vs foal?

A

adult - WBC will go up and will seal over, tap useless
foals - do not seal over, can be fatal

50
Q

what will happen to a belly tap that has hit the spleen?

A

not fatal but not useful
frank blood will be the sample
hemoperitoneum

51
Q

How should normal peritoneal fluid appear?

A

clear yellow - like pee

52
Q

What does the following appearance of peritoneal fluid indicate - coudy/turbid, serosanguinous, feed and bacteria contaminated, blood?

A

coudy/turbid - inc WBC
serosanguinous - bowel wall leaking
feed and bacteria contaminated - intestinal tap or perforation
blood - splenic tap or hemoperitoneum

53
Q

what should the total protein of peritoneal fluid be?

A

2 g/dL or less

54
Q

what is an increased total protein of peritoneal fluid indicative of?

A

bowel wall leaking or peritoneal inflammation

55
Q

what is the normal WBC for peritoneal fluid?

A

300

56
Q

what do you do if you find feed material in a belly tap?

A

repeat 3x more or explore (surgery)

57
Q

Describe the peritoneal fluid

A

L - normal
middle - serosanguinous, bowel wall leaking
R - feed contaminated, possible ruptured bowels

58
Q

what can ultrasound show you for a colic case?

A

small bowel distention
thoracic contents

59
Q

what can radiographs show you for a colic case?

A

thoracic contents
enteroliths
foals - meconium

60
Q

what can gastroscopy show you for a colic case?

A

gastric ulcers

61
Q

what is the pathology?

A

colon trapped in nephrosplenic space

62
Q

what is the pathology?

A

free fluid in abdomen

63
Q

what is the pathology?

A

distended SI

64
Q

what is the pathology? (probe is along xiphoid)

A

sand in colon

65
Q

what is the pathology? (SI)

A

thickened SI

66
Q

what is the pathology?

A

enterolith
stone in cranial abdomen

67
Q

what is this?

A

sand test

68
Q

what can sand do to the colonic mucosa?

A

endotexemia

69
Q

when do you do a rectal on foals?

A

YOU DONT

70
Q

when can you get a ballottement of fluid wave with foals?

A

ruptured bladder

71
Q

Is an adult or foal more likely to have a high WBC in peritoneal fluid without infection?

A

foal

72
Q

what is one of the most important things for medical management of colic?

A

pain control

73
Q

what are the broad aspects of medical management of colic?

A

pain control
hydration
electrolytes and acid-base balance
endotoxemia and sepsis
regulation of intestinal motility and transit

74
Q

what drugs do you use to break the pain cycle in a colic case?

A

a2 - xylazine, dormosedan
NSAID - banamine
Anti-spasmotic - buscopan
Opioids (only if needed, inhibits motility so want to avoid) - butorphanol

75
Q

which medications used to break the pain cycle have the purpose of analgesia only?

A

alpha 2 - xylazine, dormosedan

76
Q

what drug do you give in a colic for anti endotoxin effect?

A

banamine

77
Q

what drug do you give in a colic for anti-spasmotic effect?

A

buscopan

78
Q

Do you want to use opioids in a colic?

A

no they inhibit motility
a2 are very potent and can help enough

79
Q

what type of drugs do you want to avoid in a colic case?

A

opioids - inhibit motility
acepromazine - vasodilator potentiates shock
motility stimulants - inc pain and inc risk of rupture with obstruction
dioctyl sodium succinate (DSS) - don’t have time

80
Q

what are some oral treatments you can give for colic?

A

mineral oil - transit marker, prevent abs, lubrication
laxatives - impaction
rehydration - dehydration
absorbents - endotoxemia

81
Q

what is the purpose of IV fluids in a colic horse?

A

combat shock and relieve impaction

82
Q

what is the maintenance dose of IV fluids?

A

50-60 ml/kg/day

83
Q

what is the correction of hypovolemia IV fluid formula?

A

= %dehydration x BW (kg)

84
Q

calculate the total volume of fluid this horse needs

A
85
Q

how much supplemental calcium is administered in fluids?

A

5-20ml of 23% calcium fluconate per 1L of fluids

86
Q

How do you feed a colic horse?

A

if nothing coming out then nothing goes in
once pass normal pile of feces, offer 1/2 normal ration then after another 2 piles return to normal diet

87
Q

what are the indication for surgery for a colic horse? *****

A

persistent intractable pain
incriminating rectal findings
metabolic status and reasons
peritoneal fluid findings
duration of above

88
Q

what should be considered when referring a colic case?

A

not responding to treatment
cant handle treatments needed for animal in field
worsening likely to occur
distance to referral center far
time/day

Equine Med and Surgery (18 decks)

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