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Equine Med and Surgery > Clinical Parasitology > Flashcards

Clinical Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cestode (tapeworms) and trematode (flukes) associated with equine parasitology?

A

Cestode - Anoplocephala perfoliata
Fluke - Fasciola hepatica

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2
Q

what are the Nematodes associated with equine parasitology?

A

everything else

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3
Q

what are the 4 classes of anthelminthics used in equines?

A

Bendimidazoles
Macrocyclic lactones
Tetrahydropyrimidines
Praziquantel

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4
Q

what is the mechanism of Bendimidazoles?

A

acts upon fumarate reductase to interfere with carbohydrate metabolism

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5
Q

what are the examples of Bendinidazoles generic and trade

A
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6
Q

what is the mechanism of macrocyclic lactones?

A

increase cell permeability to Cl- > flaccid paralysis and death

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7
Q

what are the examples of macrocyclic lactones generic and trade?

A
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8
Q

what is the mechanism of tetrahydropyrimidines?

A

cholinergic agonist

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9
Q

what are the examples of tetrahydropyrimidines generic and trade?

A
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10
Q

what is the mechanism of praziquantel?

A

induce spastic paralysis - possibly via Ca channels, disrupts tegument

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11
Q

what are the examples of praziquantel generic and trade? what are the other drugs the trades are formulated with?

A
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12
Q

which of the anthelminthics are formulated with macrocyclic lactones?

A

praziquantel

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

what should be considered when deworming to avoid the “one-size-fits-all” approach?

A

age
immune status
geography and climate
population density

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15
Q

What age group of horses is Parascaris equorum primarily a concern in?

A

foals up to 6 months

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16
Q

At what age do most horses clear P. equorum?

A

6-12 months

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17
Q

what is the clinical syndrome associated with P. equorum?

A

intestinal impaction and rupture

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18
Q

What resistance does P. equorum have to anthelmintics?

A

widespread to macrocyclic lactones
early resistance to benzimidazoles and pyrimidines

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19
Q

what is the first line of defense in treating Parascaris equorum?

A

benzimidazoles

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20
Q

where does Strongyloides westeri inhabit?

A

SI of nursing foals

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21
Q

what are the 3 routes of infection in Strongyloides westeri?

A

skin penetration by L3
Ingestion from environment
Lactogenic transmission from the mare

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22
Q

How do foals with Strongyloides westeri often present?

A

asymptomatic

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23
Q

what do you treat Strongyloides westeri with?

A

Benzimidazoles - macrocyclic lactones

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24
Q

How do you prevent Strongyloides westeri in foals?

A

deworm mares at or just prior to foaling

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25
Q

what is the recommended deworming schedule for foals?

A
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26
Q

what is the clinical syndrome caused by large strongyles?

A

verminous arteritis

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27
Q

what is the most clinically signifigant large strongyle?

A

Strongylus vulgarus

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28
Q

where does large strongyles migrate to and what does it cause?

A

migrate to cranial mesenteric artery >
thrombosis and infarction > colic

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29
Q

How do you treat large strongyles?

A

macrocyclic lactones

30
Q

what is the most severe clinical syndrome with small strongyles?

A

larval cyathostominosis

31
Q

what causes larval cyathostominosis?

A

synchronous emergence of encysted L4 larvae > obliterating mucosal surface of GI tract

32
Q

what do you treat small strongyles with?

A

moxidectin

33
Q

what clinical signs are seen with small strongyles?

A

diarrhea, hypoproteinemia

34
Q

what do you treat a debilitated animal that is infect with small strongyles with?

A

Panacur PowerPac (ivermectin) instead of moxidectin

35
Q

where Anoplocephala perfoliata reside in horses?

A

ileocecal junction

36
Q

what does Anoplocephala perfoliata cause?

A

ulceration and inflammation, colic, intussusceptions, ruptures

37
Q

what do you treat Anoplocephala perfoliata with?

A

Praziquantel

38
Q

where are Oxyuris equi found in horses?

A

adults in descending colon and rectum
eggs laid perianally

39
Q

what do you treat oxyuris equi with?

A

ivermectin

40
Q

What are Onchocerca cervicalis and Setaria equina transmitted by?

A

bloodsucking arthropods

41
Q

what is the preferred site of Onchocerca cervicalis and Setaria equina?

A

Onchocerca - CT (nuchal ligament)
Setaria - abdominal cavity

42
Q

what can result in verminous dermatitis?

A

Onchocerca

43
Q

which equine parasite infection is clinically silent?

A

Setaria equina

44
Q

which equine parasite can cause uveitis?

A

Onchocerca cervicalis

45
Q

How do you treat Onchocerca cervicalis and Setaria equina?

A

macrocyclic lactones

46
Q

what is another word for Habronema spp and Draschia spp?

A

stomach worms

47
Q

what does Habronema spp and Draschia spp infect? (location)

A

wounds and mucocutaneous junctions

48
Q

what type of inflammatory reaction does Habronema spp and Draschia spp cause?

A

massive inflammatory rxn
eosinophilic granulomas
“sulfur granules”

49
Q

How are Habronema spp and Draschia spp leasions treated?

A

oral or intralesional steroids

50
Q

How do you treat Habronema spp and Draschia spp?

A

macrocylic lactones

51
Q

what are Gasterophilus spp. also known as?

A

bot larve

52
Q

How do you treat Gasterophilus spp.?

A

macrocyclic lactones

53
Q

How do horses get infected with Gasterophilus spp.?

A

infection by horse licking itself and ingesting eggs

54
Q

what is another name for Thelazia lacrymalis?

A

eyeworm

55
Q

What can Thelazia lacrymalis cause?

A

inflammation of lacrimal glands
resides in conjunctival sac

56
Q

How do you treat Thelazia lacrymalis?

A

Benzimidazoles

57
Q

What parasite do you often see when a horse lives with donkeys and mules?

A

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

58
Q

What is a diagnostic method for Dictyocaulus arnfieldi?

A

Baermann

59
Q

How do you treat Dictyocaulus arnfieldi?

A

Macrocyclic lactones

60
Q

what is the infective stage of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi?

A

L3

61
Q

What can be used to treat Fasciola hepatica?

A

Triclabendazole

62
Q

How do you approach individualized parasite control in horses?

A

fecal egg counts
fecal egg count reduction test

63
Q

what is the treatment threshold for fecal egg counts?

A

200 EPG and greater

64
Q

How do you calculate a fecal egg count reduction test?

A
65
Q

what type of parasite do you not use fecal egg count reduction test for?

A

tapeworms

66
Q

what are two diagnostic techniques for equine parasites?

A

McMaster’s FEC
fecal float

67
Q

Label each egg that could be seen on a McMaster’s egg count

A
68
Q

what is this?

A
69
Q

what is the most significant concerns with equine parasites? (adults and foals)

A

Cyathostome resistance to benzimidazoles in adults
ascarid multi-drug resistance in foals

70
Q

what should you test for if you have a older horse with a high egg burden?

A

PPID

Equine Med and Surgery (18 decks)

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