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Equine Med and Surgery > Clinical Parasitology > Flashcards

Clinical Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cestode (tapeworms) and trematode (flukes) associated with equine parasitology?

A

Cestode - Anoplocephala perfoliata
Fluke - Fasciola hepatica

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2
Q

what are the Nematodes associated with equine parasitology?

A

everything else

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3
Q

what are the 4 classes of anthelminthics used in equines?

A

Bendimidazoles
Macrocyclic lactones
Tetrahydropyrimidines
Praziquantel

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4
Q

what is the mechanism of Bendimidazoles?

A

acts upon fumarate reductase to interfere with carbohydrate metabolism

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5
Q

what are the examples of Bendinidazoles generic and trade

A
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6
Q

what is the mechanism of macrocyclic lactones?

A

increase cell permeability to Cl- > flaccid paralysis and death

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7
Q

what are the examples of macrocyclic lactones generic and trade?

A
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8
Q

what is the mechanism of tetrahydropyrimidines?

A

cholinergic agonist

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9
Q

what are the examples of tetrahydropyrimidines generic and trade?

A
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10
Q

what is the mechanism of praziquantel?

A

induce spastic paralysis - possibly via Ca channels, disrupts tegument

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11
Q

what are the examples of praziquantel generic and trade? what are the other drugs the trades are formulated with?

A
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12
Q

which of the anthelminthics are formulated with macrocyclic lactones?

A

praziquantel

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

what should be considered when deworming to avoid the “one-size-fits-all” approach?

A

age
immune status
geography and climate
population density

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15
Q

What age group of horses is Parascaris equorum primarily a concern in?

A

foals up to 6 months

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16
Q

At what age do most horses clear P. equorum?

A

6-12 months

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17
Q

what is the clinical syndrome associated with P. equorum?

A

intestinal impaction and rupture

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18
Q

What resistance does P. equorum have to anthelmintics?

A

widespread to macrocyclic lactones
early resistance to benzimidazoles and pyrimidines

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19
Q

what is the first line of defense in treating Parascaris equorum?

A

benzimidazoles

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20
Q

where does Strongyloides westeri inhabit?

A

SI of nursing foals

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21
Q

what are the 3 routes of infection in Strongyloides westeri?

A

skin penetration by L3
Ingestion from environment
Lactogenic transmission from the mare

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22
Q

How do foals with Strongyloides westeri often present?

A

asymptomatic

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23
Q

what do you treat Strongyloides westeri with?

A

Benzimidazoles - macrocyclic lactones

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24
Q

How do you prevent Strongyloides westeri in foals?

A

deworm mares at or just prior to foaling

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25
what is the recommended deworming schedule for foals?
26
what is the clinical syndrome caused by large strongyles?
verminous arteritis
27
what is the most clinically signifigant large strongyle?
Strongylus vulgarus
28
where does large strongyles migrate to and what does it cause?
migrate to cranial mesenteric artery > thrombosis and infarction > colic
29
How do you treat large strongyles?
macrocyclic lactones
30
what is the most severe clinical syndrome with small strongyles?
larval cyathostominosis
31
what causes larval cyathostominosis?
synchronous emergence of encysted L4 larvae > obliterating mucosal surface of GI tract
32
what do you treat small strongyles with?
moxidectin
33
what clinical signs are seen with small strongyles?
diarrhea, hypoproteinemia
34
what do you treat a debilitated animal that is infect with small strongyles with?
Panacur PowerPac (ivermectin) instead of moxidectin
35
where Anoplocephala perfoliata reside in horses?
ileocecal junction
36
what does Anoplocephala perfoliata cause?
ulceration and inflammation, colic, intussusceptions, ruptures
37
what do you treat Anoplocephala perfoliata with?
Praziquantel
38
where are Oxyuris equi found in horses?
adults in descending colon and rectum eggs laid perianally
39
what do you treat oxyuris equi with?
ivermectin
40
What are Onchocerca cervicalis and Setaria equina transmitted by?
bloodsucking arthropods
41
what is the preferred site of Onchocerca cervicalis and Setaria equina?
Onchocerca - CT (nuchal ligament) Setaria - abdominal cavity
42
what can result in verminous dermatitis?
Onchocerca
43
which equine parasite infection is clinically silent?
Setaria equina
44
which equine parasite can cause uveitis?
Onchocerca cervicalis
45
How do you treat Onchocerca cervicalis and Setaria equina?
macrocyclic lactones
46
what is another word for Habronema spp and Draschia spp?
stomach worms
47
what does Habronema spp and Draschia spp infect? (location)
wounds and mucocutaneous junctions
48
what type of inflammatory reaction does Habronema spp and Draschia spp cause?
massive inflammatory rxn eosinophilic granulomas "sulfur granules"
49
How are Habronema spp and Draschia spp leasions treated?
oral or intralesional steroids
50
How do you treat Habronema spp and Draschia spp?
macrocylic lactones
51
what are Gasterophilus spp. also known as?
bot larve
52
How do you treat Gasterophilus spp.?
macrocyclic lactones
53
How do horses get infected with Gasterophilus spp.?
infection by horse licking itself and ingesting eggs
54
what is another name for Thelazia lacrymalis?
eyeworm
55
What can Thelazia lacrymalis cause?
inflammation of lacrimal glands resides in conjunctival sac
56
How do you treat Thelazia lacrymalis?
Benzimidazoles
57
What parasite do you often see when a horse lives with donkeys and mules?
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
58
What is a diagnostic method for Dictyocaulus arnfieldi?
Baermann
59
How do you treat Dictyocaulus arnfieldi?
Macrocyclic lactones
60
what is the infective stage of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi?
L3
61
What can be used to treat Fasciola hepatica?
Triclabendazole
62
How do you approach individualized parasite control in horses?
fecal egg counts fecal egg count reduction test
63
what is the treatment threshold for fecal egg counts?
200 EPG and greater
64
How do you calculate a fecal egg count reduction test?
65
what type of parasite do you not use fecal egg count reduction test for?
tapeworms
66
what are two diagnostic techniques for equine parasites?
McMaster's FEC fecal float
67
Label each egg that could be seen on a McMaster's egg count
68
what is this?
69
what is the most significant concerns with equine parasites? (adults and foals)
Cyathostome resistance to benzimidazoles in adults ascarid multi-drug resistance in foals
70
what should you test for if you have a older horse with a high egg burden?
PPID

Equine Med and Surgery (18 decks)

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