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Anatomy Test One Material > Introduction to Embryology > Flashcards

Introduction to Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

Fertilization to 8 weeks (56 days)

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2
Q

What is the fetal period?

A

9th week (57 days) to term (38th week)

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3
Q

What generally happens during the embryonic period?

A

Initial development of all major structures and establishment of all organ systems.

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4
Q

What generally happens during the fetal period?

A

Differentiation and growth of organs and tissues.

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5
Q

During interphase the cell has how many sets of chromosomes?

A

2N

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6
Q

Preprophase the cell has how many sets of chromosomes?

A

4N

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7
Q

During mitotic prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase the cell has how many sets of chromosomes?

A

4N

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8
Q

During mitosis cytokinesis the cell has how many sets of chromosomes?

A

2N

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9
Q

During meiosis 1 preprophase the cell has how many sets of chromosomes?

A

4N

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10
Q

During meiosis 1 prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1 the cell has how many sets of chromosomes?

A

4N

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11
Q

During meiosis 1 cytokinesis 1 the cell has how many sets of chromosomes?

A

2N

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12
Q

During meiosis 2 prophase 2 through telophase 2 the cell has how many sets of chromosomes?

A

2N

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13
Q

During meiosis 2 cytokinesis 2 the cell has how many sets of chromosomes?

A

1N

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14
Q

How many sets of chromosomes does an unfertilized oocyte have?

A

1N

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15
Q

How many sets of chromosomes does a spermatid have?

A

1N

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16
Q

Primordial sex cells (germ cells) originate as what?

A

Specific cells lining the yolk sac (umbilical vesicle)

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17
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do primordial sex (germ cells) cells have?

A

Diploid 2N

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18
Q

Where do the primordial sex cells (germ cells) initially migrate?

A

They migrate to occupy gonads and mature into gametes (mature sex cells: spermatozoa & oocyte)

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19
Q

The genital ridge is also called what?

A

the gonadal ridge

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20
Q

What happens during gametogenesis?

A

This is a process that reduces chromosomal number by 1/2. Diploid to haploid. 2N to N.

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21
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogonia to sperm (begins at puberty)

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22
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Oogonia to oocyte (begins BEFORE birth, halts, continues at puberty)

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23
Q

How many oocytes does a female have at three months in the womb?

A

About 2 million

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24
Q

How many oocytes does a female have at five months in the womb?

A

About 7 million

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25
Q

How many oocytes does a female have at birth?

A

About 600 to 800 thousand

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26
Q

How many oocytes does a female have at menarche?

A

About 400 thousand

27
Q

Are mature sperm 23X or 23Y?

A

They can be one or the other.

28
Q

Are mature oocytes 23X or 23Y?

A

They are all 23X.

29
Q

What is the outer most layer of the oocyte called?

A

Corona radiata

30
Q

What is the layer of an oocyte just deeper than the corona radiata?

A

The zona pellucida

31
Q

What is the superior most part of the uterus called?

A

Fundus

32
Q

Where is the cervix located in the uterus?

A

This is the initial opening to the uterus from the vaginal canal.

33
Q

What are the four major parts of the fallopian tube?

A

The isthmus, the ampulla, the infundibulum, and the fimbriae.

34
Q

What two hormones are involved in ovulation?

A

FSH and LH

35
Q

Where do FSH and LH come from?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

36
Q

Where is the normal site of fertilization in a female?

A

The ampulla of the fallopian tube

37
Q

How many oocytes does FSH stimulate in one cycle?

A

10-15 oocytes

38
Q

When LH surges how many oocytes are actually ovulated?

A

One

39
Q

The oocyte is halted in what phase at birth?

A

Prophase 1

40
Q

At puberty a females oocyte matures but is halted again at what phase?

A

Metaphase 2

41
Q

What is capacitation and when does it occur?

A

Surface proteins are removed from acrosome; this allows acrosome to react with corona radiata and ZP, and release of enzymes. This occurs about seven hours after ejaculation.

42
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

This occurs on contact with ZP; results in release of enzymes, allows penetration of ZP and facilitates fertilization.

43
Q

What are the three phases of fertilization?

A

1.coronal cells, 2.acrosomal reaction, 3.plasma membranes fuse, meiosis 2 resumes, metabolism of oocyte increases

44
Q

What is formed when haploid pronuclei fuse?

A

A diploid zygote is formed.

45
Q

Is the sex of zygote determined at fertilization?

A

Yes

46
Q

What is initiated as a result of fertilization?

A

Cleavage

47
Q

Give a summary of fertilization in three phases.

A

Phase one: penetration of corona radiata
Phase two: penetration of the zona pellucida
Phase three: fusion of the sperm and oocyte cell membranes

48
Q

Hw many hours after fertilization does zygote cleavage start?

A

about 30 hours

49
Q

Cleavage is also the same as what?

A

Mitosis

50
Q

What are the early embryonic cells called?

A

Blastomeres

51
Q

What is compaction?

A

Cell divisions result in successively smaller blastomeres that remain confined within the space available within the zona pellucida.

52
Q

Compaction begins at what stage?

A

At the 8 cell stage

53
Q

After the 8 cell stage what is the zygote called?

A

A morula and looks like a mulberry or blackberry.

54
Q

How many cells does a morula have?

A

12-32

55
Q

At what time in days does a morula exist?

A

3-4 days

56
Q

How is a morula organized?

A

An inner cell mass and an outer cell mass

57
Q

What is the structure of a blastocyst?

A

The inner embryoblast, the outer trophoblast and the cavity is filled with fluid.

58
Q

At how many days does attachment happen?

A

6 days

59
Q

At how many days does differentiation happen?

A

7 days

60
Q

Where does the trophoblast cells typically attach?

A

To endometrium (posterior or anterior wall of body of uterus)

61
Q

Upon attachment at day seven the trophoblast differentiates into what to things?

A

Cytotrophoblast, and syncytiotrophoblast

62
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

The blastocyst implants outside the normal uterine locations.

63
Q

What is the hypoblast?

A

This is a layer of small cuboidal cells formed from the embryoblast and separate the embryoblast from the blastocystic cavity.

Anatomy Test One Material (13 decks)

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