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Anatomy Test One Material > HIstology Chapter 1 > Flashcards

HIstology Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical level of organization goes to what higher level of organization?

A

Cellular level

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2
Q

The cellular level of organization goes to what higher level of organization?

A

Tissue level

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3
Q

The tissue level of organization goes to what higher level of organization?

A

Organ level

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4
Q

The organ level of organization goes to what higher level of organization?

A

Organ system level

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5
Q

The organ system level of organization goes to what higher level of organization?

A

Organismal level

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6
Q

Are the heart and the blood vessels the same organ?

A

No, they are separate.

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7
Q

How does light microscopy work?

A

Specimens are examined via transillumination (i.e. light passing through the specimen to facilitate observation).

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8
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopy?

A

Scanning and Transmission

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9
Q

What kind of pseudo images does a SEM create?

A

Three dimensional

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10
Q

What kind of things can atomic force microscopy view?

A

Molecular structures like DNA

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11
Q

What is resolving power/resolution?

A

Defined as how far two objects must be separated from one another so that they can be distinguished as two distinct objects.

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12
Q

What is the resolving power of the human eye?

A

0.2mm

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13
Q

What is the resolving power of a light microscope?

A

0.2 micrometers

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14
Q

What is the resolving power of SEM

A

2.5nm

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15
Q

What is the resolving power of TEM?

A

0.05nm (theoretical)/ 1.0nm (tissue section)

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16
Q

What is the resolving power of atomic force microscopy?

A

50.0 pm

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17
Q

What are five things resolution is dependent upon?

A

1.optical system, 2.wavelength of light source, 3.specimen, 4.quality of fixation, 5.staining intensity

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18
Q

What does a TEM micrograph typically look like in terms of its color?

A

Black and white

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19
Q

What is a structure found in micrographs that can be used for size reference as it is typically one size?

A

A red blood cell

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20
Q

How large is a red blood cell?

A

7.8 micrometers

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21
Q

What are the six steps involved in making a slide for light microscopy?

A

1.acquisition of cells or tissue, 2.fixation, 3.processing, 4.embedding, 5.sectioning, 6.staining

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22
Q

What does “fixation” do when creating a light microscopy slide?

A

This stops metabolism, kills bacteria and viruses, and helps harden the tissue.

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23
Q

What are three examples of chemicals used to “fix” tissues used in light microscopy?

A

Formalin, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde

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24
Q

What do the fixing chemicals do to preserve the tissues?

A

They cause cross-linking among the proteins which halts their activity.

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25
Q

What are the three steps involved during the processing step of tissue to be used in light microscopy?

A

1.dehydration, 2.clearing, 3.infiltration

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26
Q

Explain the dehydration process of tissue used in microscopy slide preparation.

A

The tissue will be submerged in a graded series of alcohol that removes water and replaces it with alcohol.

27
Q

Explain the clearing process of tissue used in microscopy slide preparation. Also what was the chemical discussed in class?

A

This is a substance that makes the tissue sample more clear and also is miscible with the paraffin wax used later. The chemical discussed in class was xylene.

28
Q

Explain the embedding process used in microscopy slide preparation.

A

The tissue is placed into a container that then has hot paraffin wax poured over it.

29
Q

What part of the specimen embedded in paraffin, will eventually be cut and put onto a slide?

A

The surface of the tissue that is facing down.

30
Q

What is the machine used for sectioning and embedded specimen?

A

a microtome

31
Q

What is still left on the specimen that will need to be removed before staining can occur?

A

The remaining paraffin wax.

32
Q

How is the tissue prepared for staining?

A

The tissue is moved from one organic solvent to the next until a stain can be added.

33
Q

Does the sample have to be prepared so that a cover slip can be glued to the slide?

A

Yes

34
Q

What are the three problems with the typical histological technique used to prepare tissues to be observed with a light microscope examination?

A

1.time consuming, 2.the solvents used dissolve lipids, 3.shrinkage of tissues

35
Q

What can be used to reduce the time needed to prepare a light microscopy slide?

A

Use a cryostat.

36
Q

How does a cryostat work?

A

Liquid nitrogen is used in a process that freezes a sample so that it can be cut right away.

37
Q

Does fixing happen when a cryostat is used?

A

No, proteins can still function.

38
Q

What is a solution to the issue of solvents dissolving lipids in tissue samples?

A

Double fixation

39
Q

What is double fixation and what are the chemicals used?

A

First, fixation with glutaraldehyde and then a second fixation with osmium tetroxide.

40
Q

What is osmium tetroxide?

A

A heavy metal used in fixing tissue.

41
Q

What is a solution to hot paraffin wax shrinking tissue that it prepared for light microscopy slides?

A

Embedding the tissue in resin/liquid plastic.

42
Q

What does osmium tetroxide stain and make visible?

A

Plasma membranes

43
Q

What charge does an acidic dye have?

A

Net negative charge

44
Q

What kind of charged tissue does an acidic dye bind to?

A

Cationic cell/tissue components. These are acidophilus or eosinophilic.

45
Q

What are three examples of acidic dyes?

A

Eosin, orange G, and acid fuchsin

46
Q

What are some examples of tissue that acidic dyes will stain?

A

MItochondria, secretory granules, collagen fibers (as well as other secretory fibers), general cytoplasm, basement membrane

47
Q

Are more cellular tissues acidophilic or basophilic?

A

Acidophilic, it is a less specific dye.

48
Q

What charge does a basic dye carry?

A

A net positive charge, the bind to anionic tissues with a net negative charge.

49
Q

What are some examples of basic dyes?

A

Toluidine blue, alacian, and methylene blue; hematoxylin, although not a basic dye acts like one.

50
Q

What are some examples of tissue that basic dyes will bind to?

A

The negative phosphate group on DNA and RNA (cell nucleus, nucleoli, RNA-rich portions of the cytoplasm); the carboxyl groups of proteins; sulfate groups of cartilage matrix (GAGs)

51
Q

What color does hematoxylin dye tissue?

A

Blue

52
Q

What color does eosin dye tissue?

A

Pink

53
Q

What color does hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) dye tissue?

A

Purple

54
Q

Hematoxylin has an affinity to what organelle?

A

The nuclei

55
Q

Eosin has an affinity to what part of the cell?

A

The cytoplasm

56
Q

What binds to molecules for use in fluorescence microscopy?

A

DAPI binds to DNA and actin filaments and illuminates tissue.

57
Q

What are phase contrast microscopes good for viewing?

A

Cell cultures

58
Q

Why would you want to use phase contrast microscopy over bright field microscopy?

A

If we do not want to kill the specimen..

59
Q

What are the five steps involved in histochemistry and cytochemistry?

A

1.section immersed in a solution of enzyme’s substrate, 2.enzyme acts on substrate, 3.section put in contrast with a marker compound, 4.marker compound reacts with molecule produced by enzymatic action on substrate, 5.final product (insoluble and visible by light or electron microscopy) precipitates over site

60
Q

What fixing process must be used in histochemistry and cytochemistry to that enzymes are still functional?

A

Cryostat

61
Q

What is immunohistochemistry used to view?

A

Specific macromolecules with tagged compound

62
Q

Approximately how many different types of cells are there in the human body?

A

200

63
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A

Phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and chains of oligosaccharides

Anatomy Test One Material (13 decks)

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