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Anatomy Test One Material > Epithelial Tissues & Glands > Flashcards

Epithelial Tissues & Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic/primary types of tissues?

A

Epithelial tissues (aka epithelium); connective tissue, muscular tissue, nervous tissue

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2
Q

What are the two main categories of epithelial tissues?

A
  1. covering or lining epithelium, 2. glandular epithelium
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3
Q

What are the six functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. secretion; 2. absorption; 3. filtration; 4 excretion; 5. transport; 6. protection
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4
Q

What are the six characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

1.cellular; 2.specialized contacts; 3.polarity; 4.supported by connective tissue (lamina propria); 5.avascular, but innervated; 6.regeneration

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5
Q

What are the three types of cell layers?

A
  1. simple; 2. stratified, 3. pseudostratified
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6
Q

What are the three types of cell height/shape variations?

A

1.squamous; 2.cuboidal, 3.columnar

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7
Q

Describe simple layer of cells.

A

This is one layer of cells

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8
Q

Describe stratified layer of cells.

A

This is several layers of cells thick.

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9
Q

Describe pseudostratified layer of cells.

A

This is a layer that resembles a stratified layer however it is not stratified because all of the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.

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10
Q

Describe what a squamous cell looks like?

A

flattened with flattened nucleus from the side, look like irregular tiles from the top.

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11
Q

Describe what cuboidal cells look like?

A

Cubes with the nucleus in the center.

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12
Q

Describe what columnar cells look like?

A

Columnar cells are taller than they are wide and the nucleus are typically closer to the basement memrane

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13
Q

Describe transitional epithelium and what is it also called?

A

This is also called urothelium because it lines the bladder and has umbrella cells on the apical surface. These umbrella cells have the ability to stretch when the bladder is distended.

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14
Q

What are the four components involved in tissue naming?

A

Surface specialization + number of cell layers + cell morphology + tissue

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15
Q

What kind of tissue is in the air sacs of the lungs?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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16
Q

What kind of tissue is in distal and proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney?

A

simple cuboidal epithelial cells

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17
Q

What are the primary functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretion and absorption

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18
Q

What are the mucous secreting unicellular glands that are associated with simple columnar epithelium?

A

Goblet cells

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19
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Absorption; secretion of mucous, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action

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20
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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21
Q

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium lines what?

A

Moist linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina

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22
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium lines what?

A

The epidermis of the skin

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23
Q

What is a function of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Protection and secretion

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24
Q

What does ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium line?

A

Trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract

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25
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

Permits distension

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26
Q

What are the three distinct polarities of epithelial cells?

A

Apical domain, lateral domain, and basal domain

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27
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Cytoplasmic extensions/processes with core fo actin filaments

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28
Q

What are the function of microvilli?

A

Increase surface area

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29
Q

What are the names of the two kinds of borders created with microvilli?

A

Striated border (intestinal epithelium) or brush border (kidney tubule cell)

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30
Q

What are the average height and width of microvilli?

A

1 micrometer tall and 0.08 micrometer wide

31
Q

If a cell has microvilli what is a good estimation of its function?

A

Absorption because microvilli increases surface area

32
Q

What are stereocilia?

A

Long microvilli

33
Q

Where are stereocilia found?

A

Epididymis, proximal part of the ductus deferens, and inner sensory cells of the ears

34
Q

What do cilia do?

A

produce movement by rapidly moving back and fourth

35
Q

What does cilia contain that causes motion?

A

An axoneme

36
Q

What to the microtubules of the cilia insert themselves into?

A

The basal bodies

37
Q

What is the length and diameter of cilia?

A

length is 5-10 micrometers and diameter is 0.2 micrometers

38
Q

What are the three components of the junctional complex?

A

1)zona occludens or tight junctions; 2)zona adherens; 3)macula adherens or desmosomes

39
Q

What is the main reason that zona occludens aka tight junctions seal off intercellular space?

A

Items must be actively transported across via the special membrane proteins of epithelial cells. They cannot simply slip between.

40
Q

What is the main function of the zona adherens?

A

Mechanical anchoring.

41
Q

How do the zona adherens provide mechanical stability to microvilli?

A

linking cytoskeletal microfilaments (actin) via plaque on the inside of PM which is attached to a cadheren which then attaches to the cadheren on the adjacent cell which crosses the PM

42
Q

What does macula adherens (desmosome) help do and how?

A

This is a type of anchoring junction like spot welding of metal. This junction is not continuos around the cell like the other two components of the junctional complex.

43
Q

What specifically do macula adherens (desmosomes) attach?

A

intermediate filaments

44
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

These are communicating junctions that form a communicating tunnel.

45
Q

What is a connexon?

A

This is a communicating tunnel formed by connected connexins.

46
Q

Basement membrane is a term only used in what type of microscopy?

A

Light microscopy

47
Q

What are the two components of the basal lamina and are they actually separate structures?

A

There is the lamina lucida and the lamina densa. There is only one real structure which is the basal lamina, the basal lucida is an artifact created with osmium tetroxide staining.

48
Q

What is a focal adhesion?

A

This anchors microtubules (actin filaments) of the cytoskeleton to the basement membrane

49
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

These are structures that anchor intermediate filaments to the basement membrane.

50
Q

What is a functional role of a focal adhesion?

A

Signal detection and transmitting signals from the extracellular environment into the interior of the cell; mechanosensitivity.

51
Q

What are the two main categories of epithelial tissue?

A

Covering or lining epithelium and glandular epithelium

52
Q

Define an endocrine gland?

A

This gland is ductless; secrete into interstitial fluid

53
Q

Define exocrine gland?

A

This gland secretes their products onto a surface either directly or via an epithelial duct

54
Q

Endocrine glands can release hormones in what three ways?

A

Circulatory, paracrine, and autocrine

55
Q

How are most human hormones secreted?

A

Circulatory endocrine glands

56
Q

Exocrine glands can be classified based on what four things?

A

1.cellularity; 2.structure; 3.type of secretion; 4.mode/mechanism of secretion

57
Q

What is a good example of a unicellular exocrine gland?

A

Goblet cells, produce and secrete mucin

58
Q

The structure of an exocrine duct can be what two things?

A

Simple (branched) or compound (2 or more branches)

59
Q

What are the three structures of secretory units?

A

1.tubular; 2.alveolar or acinar; 3.tubuloalveolar and tubuloacinar-combination

60
Q

Exocrine glands can be based on their 3 types of secretion which are what?

A

Mucous, serous, and mixed

61
Q

Serous cells secrete what?

A

Proteins, typically digestive enzymes

62
Q

What to serous cells look like?

A

Pyramidal in shape

63
Q

What is the difference in the nuclei between serous and mucous cells?

A

Serous cells have round nuclei and mucous cells have flattened nuclei

64
Q

What do mucous cells produce?

A

Hydrophilic glycoprotein mucins

65
Q

What do mucous cells look like?

A

Cuboidal in shape

66
Q

What are myoepithelial cells?

A

These are found within the basal lamina of secratory units and the initial part of duct system, they can contract to accelerate secretion of product and prevent distortion when lumen fills.

67
Q

What is the basic unit of the salivary gland?

A

Salivon, and is composed of the acinus and all related ducts

68
Q

What are the three secretory acini found in salivary glands?

A

Serous (spherical), mucous (tubular) and mixed

69
Q

What are serous demilunes?

A

These are part of mixed acini salivary glands. Specifically they are serous cell caps on the mucous acini. These are found in the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands. This happens because of conventional fixation.

70
Q

What are the three types of secretions from exocrine glands?

A

Merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine

71
Q

Merocrine secretes its product in what way?

A

Secretory vesicle binds with PM and releases product

72
Q

Holocrine secrets its product in what way?

A

A mature cell dies and becomes the secretory product.

73
Q

Apocrine secretes its product in what way?

A

pinched off portion of cell becomes secretion. Closest thing to this in humans is breast milk however there is no cytoplasm in breast milk so it is not the same.

Anatomy Test One Material (13 decks)

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