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Cell & Mol Bio > Introduction to Culturing Bacteria > Flashcards

Introduction to Culturing Bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

single-celled living
organisms

A

BACTERIA

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2
Q

are groups of microbes living in and on your body.

A

resident flora/microbiome

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3
Q

functions of resident flora (3)

A

absorbing nutrients;
breaking down food;
preventing the growth of harmful bacteria.

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4
Q

Foods like sauerkraut, soy sauce, sourdough, and cheese are fermented by ___

A

lactic acid bacteria

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5
Q

lactic acid bacteria examples (2)

A

Lactobacillaceae; Streptococcaceae families

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6
Q

taken to maintain gut health, rely on a combination of live beneficial bacteria and yeast that already live in your body

A

Probiotics

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7
Q

common probiotics (3)

A

Lactobacillus;
Bifidobacterium;
Saccharomyces boulardii

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8
Q

baker’s yeast

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

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9
Q

4 microbes that have beneficial functions

A

lactobacillus
penecillium
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Fusarium strain flavolapis

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10
Q

probiotics rely on good bacteria, like this one, to maintain gut health and keep your body running optimally

A

lactobacillus

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11
Q

Your bread rises and your beer is brewed thanks to this fungal species; also the same microbe used in nutritional yeast, a nutrient rich savory vegan supplement

A

saccharomyces cerevisiae

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12
Q

penicillin comes from this type of fungus with antibacterial properties that led to the first mass-produced antibiotic

A

Penicillium

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13
Q

with origins in yellowstone, Nature’s Fynd ferments this mcrobe to make Fy, our nutritional fungi protein.

A

Fusarium strain flavolapis

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14
Q

are microorganisms that can cause disease

A

Pathogens

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15
Q

Harmful bacteria examples (3)

A

Streptococcus:
Staphylococcus:
Escherichia coli

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16
Q

cause strep throat

A

Streptococcus:

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17
Q

cause staph infections

A

Staphylococcus:

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18
Q

Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli are the most common germs responsible for ___ or blood poisoning

A

septicemia

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19
Q

Bacteria in blood can spread and lead to ___, a systemic overreaction to widespread infection in your body

A

sepsis

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20
Q

Other examples of pathogenic bacteria (3)

A

Aerococcus urinae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Bordetella pertussis

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21
Q

Bacteria in urine that cause urinary tract infections.

A

Aerococcus urinae

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22
Q

Bacteria that cause a sexually transmitted infection (STI) called chlamydia.

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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23
Q

Bacteria that cause whooping cough.

A

Bordetella pertussis

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24
Q

pure culture by ___

A

RObert Koch

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25
Q

method that allows the multiplication of bacterial cells in or on a culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions.

A

bacterial culture

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26
Q

enables genome sequencing of these strains

A

Bacterial culture

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27
Q

first step in establishing recommendations for effective treatment.

A

Bacterial culture

28
Q

enables the study of the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria

A

Bacterial culture

29
Q

enables manipulation and transformation by adding or deleting genes to analyze the cause of virulence

A

Bacterial culture

30
Q

Most bacteria can grow to some extent in the presence of oxygen, known as

A

aerobic culture.

31
Q

Species found in atmospheric conditions, such as on the skin surface or in the upper respiratory tract, will typically grow well in the presence of oxygen.

A

aerobic culture.

32
Q

Species that are naturally found in low oxygen environments, such as in deep wounds or abscesses or the deep ocean, will typically grow best in the absence of oxygen

A

anaerobic culture.

33
Q

some cannot grow in the presence of oxygen at all, and these are called

A

obligate anaerobes

34
Q

example of obligate anaerobes (4)

A

Fusobacterium
Bacteroides
Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

35
Q

bacteria that can grow in either aerobic or anerobic conditions, switching from aerobic respiration to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent, are called

A

facultative anaerobes

36
Q

example pf facultative anaerobes (4)

A

Gram positive staphylococci
E. coli
Salmonella
Listeria spp

37
Q

The indications for culture are: (7)

A

• To isolate bacteria in pure cultures.
• To demonstrate their properties.
• To obtain sufficient growth for the preparation of antigens and for other tests.
• For bacteriophage & bacteriocin susceptibility.
• To determine sensitivity to antibiotics.
• To estimate viable counts.
• Maintain stock cultures.

38
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MEDIA (4)

A

Complete media
Minimal
Defined
Undefined

39
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MEDIA:

can be helpful when trying to bulk up a pure culture and get the bacterial cells in good condition

A

Complete media

40
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MEDIA:

supply only the bare necessities for survival and can be useful in manipulating which pathways are turned on in the bacterium.

A

Minimal media

41
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MEDIA:

all the ingredients are known

A

Defined media

42
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MEDIA:

tend to contain complex mixtures of nutrients and chemical species in unknown proportions, such as yeast extract.

A

Undefined media

43
Q

is simply water and nutrients that support microbial growth.

A

culture medium

44
Q

3 primary categories of culture media

A

nutritive
selective
differential

45
Q

Media that support the growth of many different microorganisms
without distinguishing genera or species.

A

nutritive media

46
Q

several different types of bacteria to grow, but also contain compounds that allow microbial genera.

A

differential

47
Q

-organisms interact with the added compounds (e.g., blood, sugars)

A

differential

48
Q

allows for the rapid identification of organisms of interest, which is especially important for heavily mixed cultures, such as stool.

A

Differential

49
Q

used to select for the growth of a particular “selected” microorganism.

A

SELECTIVE

50
Q

other chemicals can be added to media to create a selective environment.

A

SELECTIVE

51
Q

example of selctive media

A

NaCl media selects for halophiles (salt lovers) versus non-halophiles.

52
Q

Culture in liquid media, also known as a ___, gives the bacteria present easy access to the available nutrients compared to static bacterial colonies.

A

broth culture

53
Q

dilute out waste products as they are formed, distributing them through the culture

A

Liquid media

54
Q

Use ___ when aiming to bulk up your culture, e.g., when using bacteria to produce a desirable compound, in food production or to extract DNA.

A

broth cultures

55
Q

When looking to store bacterial strains long term, they may be grown up in ___.

___ is then added, which will prevent complete freezing and consequent lysis of the bacterial cells, permitting their storage at __

A

liquid media;
Glycerol; -80 °C

56
Q

Adding agar to liquid media enables it to be set in petri dishes, as slopes or in plugs.

A

Nutrient agar

57
Q

useful when you wish to select individual colonies from a mixed culture,

A

Solid media

58
Q

convenient method for transporting strains from lab to lab without the danger of spillage of potentially infectious materials

A

Inoculation onto slopes or in stab cultures

59
Q

Common problems with bacterial culture (5)

A

-Contamination
-Overgrowth of some species
-Antibiotic treatment prior to sampling
-Incorrect growth conditions
-Non-culturable and slow-growing organisms

60
Q

are very slow growing and can take months to culture successfully, which is particularly problematic when trying to diagnose infections.

A

mycobacteria,

61
Q

Applications of bacterial culture (6)

A

-Diagnose infection
-Genetic manipulation
-Epidemiological study
-Scale up to enable omics studies
-Develop vaccines and therapeutics
-Food and beverage production

62
Q

Strains may also be stored down for future reference, for example for disease monitoring purposes.

A

Diagnose infection

63
Q

to understand the basic biology, to attenuate it when creating vaccine strains, to overproduce proteins and to create a reference strain with a detectable marker to name just a few.

A

Genetic manipulation

64
Q

how bacterial populations change over time – which can inform therapeutic, vaccine and diagnostic design and updates.

A

Epidemiological study

65
Q

next-generation sequencing (NGS) is still performed on material from many bacterial cells and as such, the bacteria often need to be cultured prior to DNA or RNA extraction.

A

Scale up to enable omics studies

66
Q

Food and beverage production example (2)

A

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium

Cell & Mol Bio (7 decks)

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