Introduction to Culturing Bacteria

Question 1

single-celled living
organisms

Answer 1

BACTERIA

Question 2

are groups of microbes living in and on your body.

Answer 2

resident flora/microbiome

Question 3

functions of resident flora (3)

Answer 3

absorbing nutrients;
breaking down food;
preventing the growth of harmful bacteria.

Question 4

Foods like sauerkraut, soy sauce, sourdough, and cheese are fermented by ___

Answer 4

lactic acid bacteria

Question 5

lactic acid bacteria examples (2)

Answer 5

Lactobacillaceae; Streptococcaceae families

Question 6

taken to maintain gut health, rely on a combination of live beneficial bacteria and yeast that already live in your body

Answer 6

Probiotics

Question 7

common probiotics (3)

Answer 7

Lactobacillus;
Bifidobacterium;
Saccharomyces boulardii

Question 8

baker’s yeast

Answer 8

Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Question 9

4 microbes that have beneficial functions

Answer 9

lactobacillus
penecillium
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Fusarium strain flavolapis

Question 10

probiotics rely on good bacteria, like this one, to maintain gut health and keep your body running optimally

Answer 10

lactobacillus

Question 11

Your bread rises and your beer is brewed thanks to this fungal species; also the same microbe used in nutritional yeast, a nutrient rich savory vegan supplement

Answer 11

saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 12

penicillin comes from this type of fungus with antibacterial properties that led to the first mass-produced antibiotic

Answer 12

Penicillium

Question 13

with origins in yellowstone, Nature’s Fynd ferments this mcrobe to make Fy, our nutritional fungi protein.

Answer 13

Fusarium strain flavolapis

Question 14

are microorganisms that can cause disease

Answer 14

Pathogens

Question 15

Harmful bacteria examples (3)

Answer 15

Streptococcus:
Staphylococcus:
Escherichia coli

Question 16

cause strep throat

Answer 16

Streptococcus:

Question 17

cause staph infections

Answer 17

Staphylococcus:

Question 18

Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli are the most common germs responsible for ___ or blood poisoning

Answer 18

septicemia

Question 19

Bacteria in blood can spread and lead to ___, a systemic overreaction to widespread infection in your body

Answer 19

sepsis

Question 20

Other examples of pathogenic bacteria (3)

Answer 20

Aerococcus urinae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Bordetella pertussis

Question 21

Bacteria in urine that cause urinary tract infections.

Answer 21

Aerococcus urinae

Question 22

Bacteria that cause a sexually transmitted infection (STI) called chlamydia.

Answer 22

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 23

Bacteria that cause whooping cough.

Answer 23

Bordetella pertussis

Question 24

pure culture by ___

Answer 24

RObert Koch

Question 25

method that allows the multiplication of bacterial cells in or on a culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions.

Answer 25

bacterial culture

Question 26

enables genome sequencing of these strains

Answer 26

Bacterial culture

Question 27

first step in establishing recommendations for effective treatment.

Answer 27

Bacterial culture

Question 28

enables the study of the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria

Answer 28

Bacterial culture

Question 29

enables manipulation and transformation by adding or deleting genes to analyze the cause of virulence

Answer 29

Bacterial culture

Question 30

Most bacteria can grow to some extent in the presence of oxygen, known as

Answer 30

aerobic culture.

Question 31

Species found in atmospheric conditions, such as on the skin surface or in the upper respiratory tract, will typically grow well in the presence of oxygen.

Answer 31

aerobic culture.

Question 32

Species that are naturally found in low oxygen environments, such as in deep wounds or abscesses or the deep ocean, will typically grow best in the absence of oxygen

Answer 32

anaerobic culture.

Question 33

some cannot grow in the presence of oxygen at all, and these are called

Answer 33

obligate anaerobes

Question 34

example of obligate anaerobes (4)

Answer 34

Fusobacterium Bacteroides Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 35

bacteria that can grow in either aerobic or anerobic conditions, switching from aerobic respiration to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent, are called

Answer 35

facultative anaerobes

Question 36

example pf facultative anaerobes (4)

Answer 36

Gram positive staphylococci E. coli Salmonella Listeria spp

Question 37

The indications for culture are: (7)

Answer 37

• To isolate bacteria in pure cultures. • To demonstrate their properties. • To obtain sufficient growth for the preparation of antigens and for other tests. • For bacteriophage & bacteriocin susceptibility. • To determine sensitivity to antibiotics. • To estimate viable counts. • Maintain stock cultures.

Question 38

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MEDIA (4)

Answer 38

Complete media Minimal Defined Undefined

Question 39

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MEDIA: can be helpful when trying to bulk up a pure culture and get the bacterial cells in good condition

Answer 39

Complete media

Question 40

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MEDIA: supply only the bare necessities for survival and can be useful in manipulating which pathways are turned on in the bacterium.

Answer 40

Minimal media

Question 41

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MEDIA: all the ingredients are known

Answer 41

Defined media

Question 42

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MEDIA: tend to contain complex mixtures of nutrients and chemical species in unknown proportions, such as yeast extract.

Answer 42

Undefined media

Question 43

is simply water and nutrients that support microbial growth.

Answer 43

culture medium

Question 44

3 primary categories of culture media

Answer 44

nutritive selective differential

Question 45

Media that support the growth of many different microorganisms without distinguishing genera or species.

Answer 45

nutritive media

Question 46

several different types of bacteria to grow, but also contain compounds that allow microbial genera.

Answer 46

differential

Question 47

-organisms interact with the added compounds (e.g., blood, sugars)

Answer 47

differential

Question 48

allows for the rapid identification of organisms of interest, which is especially important for heavily mixed cultures, such as stool.

Answer 48

Differential

Question 49

used to select for the growth of a particular "selected" microorganism.

Answer 49

SELECTIVE

Question 50

other chemicals can be added to media to create a selective environment.

Answer 50

SELECTIVE

Question 51

example of selctive media

Answer 51

NaCl media selects for halophiles (salt lovers) versus non-halophiles.

Question 52

Culture in liquid media, also known as a ___, gives the bacteria present easy access to the available nutrients compared to static bacterial colonies.

Answer 52

broth culture

Question 53

dilute out waste products as they are formed, distributing them through the culture

Answer 53

Liquid media

Question 54

Use ___ when aiming to bulk up your culture, e.g., when using bacteria to produce a desirable compound, in food production or to extract DNA.

Answer 54

broth cultures

Question 55

When looking to store bacterial strains long term, they may be grown up in ___. ___ is then added, which will prevent complete freezing and consequent lysis of the bacterial cells, permitting their storage at __

Answer 55

liquid media; Glycerol; -80 °C

Question 56

Adding agar to liquid media enables it to be set in petri dishes, as slopes or in plugs.

Answer 56

Nutrient agar

Question 57

useful when you wish to select individual colonies from a mixed culture,

Answer 57

Solid media

Question 58

convenient method for transporting strains from lab to lab without the danger of spillage of potentially infectious materials

Answer 58

Inoculation onto slopes or in stab cultures

Question 59

Common problems with bacterial culture (5)

Answer 59

-Contamination -Overgrowth of some species -Antibiotic treatment prior to sampling -Incorrect growth conditions -Non-culturable and slow-growing organisms

Question 60

are very slow growing and can take months to culture successfully, which is particularly problematic when trying to diagnose infections.

Answer 60

mycobacteria,

Question 61

Applications of bacterial culture (6)

Answer 61

-Diagnose infection -Genetic manipulation -Epidemiological study -Scale up to enable omics studies -Develop vaccines and therapeutics -Food and beverage production

Question 62

Strains may also be stored down for future reference, for example for disease monitoring purposes.

Answer 62

Diagnose infection

Question 63

to understand the basic biology, to attenuate it when creating vaccine strains, to overproduce proteins and to create a reference strain with a detectable marker to name just a few.

Answer 63

Genetic manipulation

Question 64

how bacterial populations change over time – which can inform therapeutic, vaccine and diagnostic design and updates.

Answer 64

Epidemiological study

Question 65

next-generation sequencing (NGS) is still performed on material from many bacterial cells and as such, the bacteria often need to be cultured prior to DNA or RNA extraction.

Answer 65

Scale up to enable omics studies

Question 66

Food and beverage production example (2)

Answer 66

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium