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Cell & Mol Bio > C5.1: Membrane-bound > Flashcards

C5.1: Membrane-bound Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

are cellular structures that are enclosed by a biological membrane, typically consisting of a single or double layer of lipids with interspersed proteins.

A

Membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

Most of these organelles within cells are indeed filled with a fluid, and these organelles are enclosed by a ___ to create a distinct internal environment separated from the rest of the cytoplasm

A

plasma membrane

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3
Q

serve as physical barriers that enclose the contents of membrane-bound organelles, effectively isolating them from the surrounding cytoplasm.

A

Lipid bilayer membranes

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4
Q

are selectively permeable, meaning they control the passage of ions, molecules, and proteins in and out of organelles

A

Lipid bilayers

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5
Q

help establish and maintain distinct chemical environments within organelles

A

Membranes

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6
Q

help organize cellular processes by segregating enzymes, substrates, and reactants into specific compartments; this spatial organization enhances the efficiency and coordination of biochemical reactions.

A

Membranes

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7
Q

membrane-bound organelles (9)

A

Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Secretory Vesicles
Vacuole

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8
Q

Function of ___ is the biosynthesis of ribosomal RNA and production of ribosomes

A

nucleolus

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9
Q

largets organelle; control center; regulate gene expression

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

site of cellular chemical reactions

A

ER

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11
Q

The ER is composed of a series of highly folded membranes called ___.

A

cisternae

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12
Q

Ribosomes are scattered across cisternae

A

Rough ER

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13
Q

___ are responsible for synthesizing polypeptides, which are subsequently either integrated into the membrane of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) or transported into the lumen, the central region, of the cisternae.

A

Ribosomes

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14
Q

it is where proteins are generated in the rough ER.

A

lumen of cisternae

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15
Q

Consist of interconnected membranous sacs without ribosomes; enzymes found either bound to the surface of this ER or situated within its cisternae.

A

Sooth ER

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16
Q

responsible for the transport of synthesized proteins; helps with the protein folding

A

Smooth ER

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17
Q

a process where sugar molecules are added to proteins or lipids.

A

Glycosylation-

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18
Q

double-membrane-bound, spherical or rod-shaped organelles

A

mitochondria

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19
Q

The term ‘mitochondrion’ is derived from the Greek words “___” and “___” which means “__” and “__”, respectively.

A

mitos (thread); chondrion (granules-like)

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20
Q

carry out oxidative phosphorylation; production of energy through ATP synthesis

A

Mitochondria

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21
Q

site for synthesizing food by the process of photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

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22
Q

Golgi apparatus is primarily made up of stacked, flattened pouches known as ___.

A

cisternae

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23
Q

Protein packaging and secretion; transportation; participate in the production of lysosomes

A

Golgi Apparatus

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24
Q

It digests dead and damaged cells, aids in digestion, and eliminates waste; “suicidal bags”

A

Lysosomes

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25
Q

are small organelles containing enzymes, primarily serve as the primary sites for intracellular digestion in cells.

A

Lysosome

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26
Q

Functions of lysosome (3)

A

Autophagy
Heterophagy
Biosynthesis

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27
Q

__: The digestion of cellular components and organelles from within the cell, allowing for recycling and the reuse of nutrients

A

Autophagy

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28
Q

: The digestion of external materials that are taken into the cell, such as nutrients acquired from the environment or particles ingested through processes like phagocytosis.

A

Heterophagy

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29
Q

: Involves recycling and processing unwanted or damaged cellular components and products of chemical reactions, contributing to the cell’s overall metabolic processes.

A

Biosynthesis

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30
Q

degradation of long-chain fatty acids by beta-oxidation; Breakdown of toxic compounds

A

Peroxisome

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31
Q

prominently associated with processes like fatty acid oxidation, detoxification of harmful compounds, and the synthesis of certain lipids called ___.

A

peroxisome; plasmalogens

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32
Q

involved in the transport and delivery of molecules like hormones or neurotransmitters, either into or out of the cell.

A

Secretory Vesicles

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33
Q

___ is the mechanism by which the contents of secretory vesicles are moved out of the cell. During this mechanism, these vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular space.

A

Exocytosis

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34
Q

__ is the process of moving the contents of secretory vesicles into the cell. This occurs when the cell membrane engulfs and internalizes external materials or molecules by forming vesicles.

A

Endocytosis

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35
Q

essential cellular structures found primarily in plant cells; maintaining turgor pressure or turgidity within the cell

A

Vacuole

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36
Q

results from the osmotic movement of water into the vacuole, causing the cell to become swollen and pushing the plasma membrane against the rigid cell wall.

A

Turgor pressure

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37
Q

Its structure consists of a network of interconnected membranous tubules, vesicles, and cisternae, which together form an extensive, intricate system throughout the cell.

A

ER

38
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a vital
organelle in eukaryotic cells, responsible for a variety of cellular functions, including (4)

A

protein synthesis
lipid synthesis
calcium storage
detoxification

39
Q

main function RER

A

protein synthesis

40
Q

main function SER (3)

A

Lipid metabolism, detoxification, and calcium storage

41
Q

Proteins destined for the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) are typically inserted into the ER
membrane ___

A

co-translationally

42
Q

signal sequence is usually located at the __ of the
protein.

A

N-terminus

43
Q

signal sequence is recognized by a complex called the ___

A

Signal Recognition Particle (SRP).

44
Q

As proteins are synthesized on the ribosomes, they are modified and folded into their correct three-dimensional structure

A

PROTEIN PROCESSING

45
Q

The ___also serves as a site for quality control in protein synthesis. It checks whether the synthesized proteins are correctly folded. Misfolded or improperly assembled proteins are targeted for degradation.

A

Rer

46
Q

After their synthesis and processing in the RER, proteins are transported to their target destinations

A

TRANSPORT

47
Q

Many proteins synthesized in the RER are ___, meaning they are destined for export out of the cell.

A

SECRETORY PROTEINS

48
Q

___ is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins
after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell’s nucleus. The entire process is called ____

A

Translation; gene expression

49
Q

Translation proceeds in three phases

A

Initiation:
Elongation
Termination

50
Q

The ribosome assembles around the target mRNA. The first tRNA is attached at the start codon.

A

Initiation:

51
Q

The tRNA transfers an amino acid to the tRNA corresponding to the next codon. The ribosome then moves (translocates) to the next mRNA codon to continue the process, creating an amino acid chain.

A

Elongation:

52
Q

When a peptidyl tRNA encounters a stop codon, then the ribosome folds the polypeptide into its final structure.

A

Termination:

53
Q

Eukaryotes undergo translation in the cytosol or on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
membrane in a process known as __

A

co-translational translocation

54
Q

During ____, the ribosome-mRNA complex attaches to the ER’s outer membrane, allowing newly synthesized proteins to enter the ER.

A

co-translational translocation

55
Q

refers to the covalent and generally enzymatic
modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis

A

Post-translational modification (PTM)

56
Q

Post-translational modifications can occur on the amino acid side chains or at the
protein’s ___

A

C- or N- termini

57
Q

Attachment of lipid molecules, known as ___, often targets a protein or part of a protein attached to the cell membrane

A

lipidation

58
Q

___ is one example that targets the modified protein for degradation and can
result in the formation of protein aggregates

A

Carbonylation

59
Q

The SER is involved in ____, which encompasses the synthesis and modification of lipids

A

lipid metabolism

60
Q

SER plays a pivotal role in breaking down ___ (foreign substances)

A

xenobiotics

61
Q

One group of enzymes found in the SER, called ___, is particularly important in drug metabolism

A

cytochrome
P450 enzymes

62
Q

there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the cell, a condition known as __ ER may struggle to support oxygen-dependent processes.

A

Hypoxia

63
Q

In cases of low glucose levels, ER may experience a shortage of energy

A

Hypoglycemia

64
Q

High temperatures, can alter the chemical reactions taking place in the ER. Proteins may become denatured or misfolded due to excessive heat, leading to protein aggregation and ER stress.

A

Hyperthermia

65
Q

acidic environment within the cell or ER can disrupt the normal pH balance required for enzymatic reactions and protein folding

A

Acidosis

66
Q

Changes in calcium ion concentrations can disturb the ER’s calcium homeostasis and lead to disruptions in protein folding and transport

A

Calcium Ion Levels

67
Q

refers to the balance between oxidized and reduced molecules within the cell, is crucial for various cellular processes, including protein folding

A

Redox State

68
Q

often modulated by hypoxia and hypoglycemia, can compromise the ER’s ability to perform tasks such as protein synthesis and proper protein folding.

A

Reduced energy levels

69
Q

FACTORS THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ER STRESS (7)

A

-HYPOXIA
-HYPOGLYCEMIA
-HYPERTHERMIA
-Acidosis
-Changes in calcium ion levels
-Reduced energy levels
-ALTERED REDOX STATE

70
Q

Cellular Response to ER Stress (4)

A
  1. Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)
  2. Proteotoxic Threat and Protein Clearance
  3. ER Lumen Dilation
  4. ER Stress Response
71
Q

___ is a set of signaling pathways and cellular processes that aim to restore ER function and alleviate the stress. It involves a complex network of molecular events that are activated in response to the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins within the ER lumen

A

UPR Unfolded Protein Response

72
Q

damaged proteins are
exported from the ER to the cytoplasm and then targeted for degradation by the proteasome, a cellular protein disposal system

A

ER-associated degradation (ERAD),

73
Q

damaged proteins are compacted together with other cellular debris into juxtanuclear complexes. These complexes are then recycled via autophagy, a cellular mechanism for the recycling of surplus or defective cellular components

A

aggresome formation

74
Q

involves an expansion of the ER’s internal compartments, creating a larger lumen or internal space

A

ER Lumen Dilation

75
Q

The primary purpose of this expansion is to accommodate the increasing load of proteins and other lumenal constituents that are being synthesized to manage ER stress.

A

ER Lumen Dilation

76
Q

The ___ is a dynamic system that can lead to either adaptation or
apoptosis, depending on the severity of the stress and the cell’s ability to cope with it.

A

ER stress response

77
Q

This module triggers a series of events that ultimately lead to cell death (apoptosis).

A

proapoptotic module

78
Q

also known as microbodies; Made up of a phospholipid bilayer and crystalloid core which is not always present

A

peroxisome

79
Q

While lysosomes break down proteins, peroxisomes break down fatty acids. Which is known as ___

A

lipid catabolism.

80
Q

___ also known as free radicals like oxygen ions which is a byproduct of normal cellular respiration, radiation, tobacco, or drug

A

reactive Oxygen Species ROS molecules

81
Q

Peroxisomes:
Metabolize chain of very long chain fatty acids via ___.

Metabolize branched chain of fatty acids via __.

A

beta-oxidation;
alpha-oxidation

82
Q

___ is a myelin sheath that covers the nerve.

A

Plasmalogen

83
Q

peroxisomes contain ___ that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

A

catalase

84
Q

Peroxisomal disorder that is Autosomal recessive, both parents are carriers of the gene, specifically the gene called PEX gene.

A

Zellweger Syndrome

85
Q

___ is important because it codes for proteins called peroxins that are essential in making peroxisomes.

A

PEX gene

86
Q

In order for a protein to get into the peroxisome, it needs to have a targeting signal called the ___

A

peroxisomal targeting signal

87
Q

Types of Protein Targeting Signals in peroxisome (3)

A

-PTS1
-PTS2
-PMP

88
Q
  • takes protein in the lumen of the peroxisome
A

PTS1

89
Q
  • helps protein to get integrated inside the membrane of the peroxisome
A

PMP

90
Q

Zellweger’s syndrome is caused by mutations in any of 13 of the 14 PEX genes, mostly in ___

A

PEX1

Cell & Mol Bio (7 decks)

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