C7: Cellular Metabolism Flashcards
It is a set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life.
Cellular Metabolism
involves complex sequences of controlled biochemical reactions, better known as metabolic pathways.
Cellular metabolism
is largely defined by the complex array of biochemical reactions involving bio- molecular synthesis (anabolism), maintenance, or breakdown (catabolism), the sum total of which define the energetic status of the cell.
Cellular metabolism
Mitochondria obtain the energy by ___ the substrates of the ___
oxidizing; Krebs cycle
It is a smooth unlike the inner membrane and has almost the same amount of phospholipids as proteins.
Outer (mitochondrial) membrane
Outer membrane of mitochondria has a large number of special proteins called ___.
porins
The ___ is completely permeable to nutrient molecules, ions, ATP, and ADP molecules.
outer membrane
The ___ is more complex in structure than the outer membrane as it contains the complexes of the electron transport chain and the ATP synthetase complex.
inner membrane
Inner membrane is permeable only to (3)
oxygen, carbon dioxide and water
It is made up of a large number of proteins that play an important role in producing ATP, and also helps in regulating transfer of metabolites across the membrane.
inner membrane
inner membrane has in- folding’s called the ___ the surface area for complexes and proteins that aid in the production of ATP, the energy rich molecules.
cristae
a complex of enzymes that are important for the synthesis of ATP molecules, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNAs and the mitochondrial DNA.
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
FUNCTION OF MITCHONDRIA (9)
1.Energy Production
2. Cellular Respiration
3.Oxidative Phosphorylation
4. Krebs Cycle
5.Electron Transport Chain
6.ATP Synthase
7.Apoptosis Regulation
8.Calcium Signaling
9. Metabolism and Biosynthesis
Where does it occur?
-Cell respiration:
-Oxidative phosphorylation:
-Krebs cycle:
-Cell respiration: within mitochondria
-Oxidative phosphorylation: inner mitochondrial membrane
-Krebs cycle: mitochondrial matrix
proton gradient drives ATP synthesis through a process called ___
oxidative phosphorylation
It further breaks down molecules derived from nutrients, releasing electrons and generating molecules that enter the electron transport chain.
tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
This series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial
membrane accepts electrons from the breakdown of molecules in the Krebs cycle. As electrons pass through the chain, protons are pumped across the membrane, establishing the proton gradient.
Electron Transport Chain
harnesses
the energy from the proton gradient to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into ATP
ATP synthase
a nutrient needed by the human body for growth and maintenance.
protein
small loops of DNA found within mitochondria
Mitochondrial DNA
Contributes to determining the ancestry of various human groups and the early migration patterns of humans around the world.
HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
claims that the human species had its origin in Africa about 250,000 years ago, then spread across the world
OUT-OF-AFRICA THEORY
out-of-africa theory is opposed by _____ which states that different human races around the world evolved independently from hominid precursors
Multiregional Theory
This technique provides evidentiary results and can also reveal lineage through the maternal line of a person or species
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ANALYSIS
An umbrella term used to refer to a family of conditions caused by disorders which involve the mitochondria
MITOCHONDRIAL MYOPATHY
examples of MITOCHONDRIAL MYOPATHY (3)
Myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers,
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome,
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and Stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
A collection of genetic information carried in the mitochondria
MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME
Mitochondrial genome is inherited solely from the ___, which use for tracking generational changes, relationships, and inheritance. However, it has __ mutation rate when compared to ___ genome.
mother; high; chromosomal
The term can mean either the inner or the outer membrane of a mitochondrial cell,
mitochondrial membrane
The ___ of a mitochondrion is smooth and surrounds the entire organelle
outer membrane
the ___ mitochondrial membrane forms the cristae, a twisted, turning pathway resembling the folds of a brain.
inner
Organisms with complex, membrane-based cellular structures, including plants, animals, and humans, are known as __
eukaryotes
Under high-power magnification, mitochondria present as oval or oblong in shape, with a double membrane and an inner area known as the ___
matrix
Its the job of mitochondria to perform ____, the process of turning oxygen and nutrients into ATP.
aerobic respiration
: the ___ mitochondrial membrane helps in the production of ATP,
inner
___ mitochondrial membrane serves as a filter. Using a protein called __
outer; porin
It converts biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.
cell respiration
The reactions involved in respiration are ___, releasing energy in the process, as we so-called “high-energy”
catabolic reactions
Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. It is considered an ____
exothermic redox reaction
The overall process can be distilled into three main metabolic stages or steps:
glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis also known as
Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway -
First stage of cellular respiration, and it occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
glycolysis
