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Cell & Mol Bio > C6: Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

C6: Cytoskeleton Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A ___ is present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including bacteria, and archaea

A

cytoskeleton

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2
Q

It is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments that extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane

A

cytoskeleton

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3
Q

It gives the cell its shape and mechanical resistance to deformation, and through association with extracellular connective tissue and other cells it stabilizes entire tissues.

A

cytoskeleton

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4
Q

The ___ is the collective name for all structural filaments in prokaryotes

A

prokaryotic cytoskeleton

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5
Q

play essential roles in cell division protection, shape determination, and polarity determination in various prokaryotes.

A

Cytoskeletal elements

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cytoskeleton (5)

A

FtsZ
MreB
CRESCENTIN
ParM and SopA
MinCDE system

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7
Q

The first identified prokaryotic cytoskeletal element, forms a filamentous ring structure located in the middle of the cell called the Z- ring that contricts during cell division.

A

FtsZ

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8
Q

acts as an organizer protein and is required for cell division; homologous to eukaryal tubulin

A

FtsZ

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9
Q

is a bacterial protein believed to be analogous to eukaryal actin

A

MreB

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10
Q

determines cell shape by mediating the position and activity of enzymes that synthesize peptidoglycan and by acting as rigid filament under the cell membrane that exerts outward pressure to sculpt and bolster the cell.

A

MreB

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11
Q

condenses from its normal helical network and forms a tight ring at the septum in Caulobacter crescentus right before cell division.

A

MreB

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12
Q

is also important for polarity determination in polar bacteria, as it is responsible for the correct positioning of at least four different polar proteins in C. crescentus.

A

MreB

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13
Q

____ (encoded by ___ gene) is an analogue of eukaryotic.

A

Crescentin; creS

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14
Q

has a rather large primary homology with IF proteins in addition to three-dimensional similarity

A

Crescentin

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15
Q

is a cytoskeletal element that possesses a similar structure to actin, although it behaves functionally like tubulin.

A

ParM

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16
Q

___ and ___ that are responsible for R1 plasmid separation.

A

ParR; parC

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17
Q

is a filament system, that properly
positions the septum in the middle of the cell in Escherichia coli.

A

MinCDE system

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18
Q

inhibits the formation of the septum by prohibiting the polymerization of the Z-ring.

A

MinC

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19
Q

_____ form a helix structure that winds around the cell and is bound to the membrane by MinD.

A

MinC, MinD, and MinE

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20
Q

function is for the maintenance of cell-shape by bearing tension;

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

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21
Q

Organise the internal tridimensional structure of the cell, anchoring organelles and serving as structural components of the nuclear lamina.

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

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22
Q

also participate in some cell-cell and cell matrix junctions.

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

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23
Q

are most commonly known as the support system or “scaffolding” for the cell and nucleus while also playing a role in some cell functions.

A

Intermediate filaments

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24
Q

form cell-cell connections and anchor the cell-matrix junctions that are used in messaging between cells as well as vital functions of the cell.

A

intermediate filaments

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25
Q

intermediate filaments are in general present in mesenchymal cells.

A

Vimentin

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26
Q

is present in general in epithelial cells.

A

Keratin

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27
Q

type of IF giving structural support to the nuclear envelope

A

lamin,

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28
Q

, play an important role in structural and mechanical support of muscle cells

A

desmin

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29
Q

All intermediate filaments start from a fibrous subunit. This then coils around another filamentous subunit to form a coined-coil ___

A

dimer, or protofilament

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30
Q

Using proteins called ___, the intermediate filaments can be connected to one another to form sheets and meshes

A

plectins

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31
Q

can also connect the intermediate filaments to other parts of the cytoskeleton, while other proteins can help to attach the IF cytoskeleton to the cell membrane (e.g., desmoplakin)

A

Plectins

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32
Q

aid in cytokinesis and cell motility; Involved in cytoplasmic streaming

A

microfilament

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33
Q

They are also part of muscle cells and allow these cells to contract, along with myosin.

A

microfilament

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34
Q

Cytoskeletal opposites of the intermediate filaments

A

ACTIN FILAMENTS

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35
Q

They are strands are made up of small globular actin (g-actin) subunits.

A

ACTIN FILAMENTS

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36
Q

the largest of the
cytoskeleton’s fibers at about 23 nm.

A

MICROTUBULES

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37
Q

hollow tubes made of alpha and beta tubulin

A

MICROTUBULES

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38
Q

Most of the microtubules in an animal cell come from a cell organelle called the

A

centrosome

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39
Q

important in forming
the spindle apparatus (or mitotic spindle)

A

microtubules

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40
Q

involved in transporting molecules within the cell and in the formation of the cell wall in plant cells.

A

microtubules

41
Q

Microtubule are mostly found as large 13-stranded (each strand is called a ____) hollow tube structures.

A

protofilament

42
Q

Dimers of ____ polymerize to form microtubules

A

α- and β-tubulin

43
Q

a phenomenon in microtubules wherein, tubulin subunits will both associate and dissociate from the plus end of the protofilament.

A

Dynamic Instability

44
Q

__ is fairly strong, but not very flexible; Depolymerization also occurs.

A

microtubule

45
Q

almost all microtubules have their (-) end in a perinuclear area known as the

A

MTOC, or microtubule organizing center.

46
Q

MTOC contains a structure known as the __.

A

centrosome

47
Q

components of centrosome (2)

A

centriole-
pericentriolar material (PCM)

48
Q
  • two short barrel-shaped microtubules based structures positioned perpendicular to each other
A

centriole

49
Q

facilitates microtubule nucleation

A

Y-tubulin ring complex

50
Q

“railroad tracks”= ___
“trains” = ____

A

“railroad tracks”= microtubules
“trains” = kinesins and dyneins

51
Q

“streets”= ___
“trucks”= ___

A

“streets”= microfilament
“trucks”= myosin

52
Q

____ drive towards (+) end or cell periphery

____ go toward (-) end or towards the MTOC

A

KINESINS

DYNEINS

53
Q

an arrangement of alternating fibers of f-actin (“thin fibers”) and myosin II (“thick fibers”).

A

SARCOMERE

54
Q

Sarcomere is one of many connected together to form a __ (extends the length of mucle cell).

A

myofibril

55
Q

are responsible for muscle contraction.

A

Sarcomeres

56
Q

a fibrous protein that lies in the groove of an actin microfilament and blocks access to the myosin binding site.

A

TROPOMYOSIN

57
Q

attaches to the microfilament in conjunction with a multi-subunit troponin complex.

A

TROPOMYOSIN

58
Q
  • calcium binding protein subunit that initiates the sequence of conformational changes on the thin filament
A

Troponin-C

59
Q

a gigantic protein (the largest known, at nearly 3 MDa); can be thought of as something of a bungee cord tether to the myosin

A

TITIN

60
Q

prevent the forces generated by the myosin from pulling the fiber apart

A

TITIN

61
Q

Nerve cell releases neurotransmitters such as ___ which bind to receptors (AChR) on the muscle cell.

A

acetylcholine (ACh),

62
Q

Membrane attachment to the cytoskeleton is necessary for

A

force transmission.

63
Q

Signaling from membrane receptors can induce cytoskeletal rearrangements via

A

adapter proteins.

64
Q

were one of the early experimental systems for studying cytoskeleton-membrane interactions.

A

Erythrocytes

65
Q

__ and __ are important linkage proteins connecting transmembrane proteins to microfilaments.

A

Ankyrin, spectrin

66
Q

are used to connect extracellular substrates to the cytoskeleton and enhance signal transduction.

A

Scaffolding proteins

67
Q

control cytoskeletal polymerization, depolymerization, bundling, and network formation.

A

Accessory proteins

68
Q

promotes actin polymerization by exchanging ATP with ADP and enhancing addition to microfilaments

A

Profilin

69
Q

regulates microfilament assembly by sequestering G-actin and releasing it via profilin.

A

Thymosin B4

70
Q

___ and ___ can sever actin microfilaments by altering subunit conformation.

A

Gelsolin and severin

71
Q

___ and __ are microtubule-severing proteins

A

Spastin and katanin

72
Q

sequesters tubulin dimers and is regulated by phosphorylation.

A

Op18 (stathmin)

73
Q

__, ___, and ___ promote microtubule assembly and stability.

A

MAP1, MAP2, and tau

74
Q

Several proteins crosslink (6)

A

F-actin, fimbrin, alpha-actinin, b-spectrin, dystrophin, and filamin.

75
Q

the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy.

A

MOTILITY

76
Q

is genetically determined, but may be affected by environmental factors.

A

MOTILITY

77
Q

refers to an organism’s ability to move food through its digestive tract.

A

MOTILITY

78
Q

responsible for protrusion of the front end of migrating cells.

A

RAPID POLYMERIZATION

79
Q

accounts for the ability of cells to migrate in a specific direction.

A

CHEMOTAXIS

80
Q

Cellular swimming: Their beating pattern is then coordinated at the cellular level, most often in a wave-type of manner known as the

A

metachronal wave

81
Q

Other strategies of swimming include the elegant movement used by Eutreptiella - called .

A

metaboly

82
Q

2 types of cell motility

A

cell swimming
cell crawling

83
Q

is the common mechanism employed by most eukaryotic animal cells as they move through animal tissues, constituted of other cells or filaments of the extracellular matrix.

A

Cell crawling

84
Q

They either move by means of wormlike cycles of extensions and contractions of their cell body or of some specific protrusions, or slide without visible means of protrusion, a process also referred to as gliding.

A

cell crawling

85
Q

slide without visible means of protrusion, a process also referred to as .

A

gliding

86
Q

The best characterized crawling mechanism is the so called

A

amoeboid motility.

87
Q

Two-dimensional protrusions

A

lamellipodia,
filopodia or microspikes

88
Q

Flat veil-shaped projections called ___, as they
occur keratocytes’ in fibroblasts’ or fish motility for wound healing.

A

lamellipodia

89
Q

Long thin projections called either ____, and which occur for example in neuronal growth-cone progressions.

A

filopodia or microspikes

90
Q

process of amoeboid motility can be decomposed into three to five steps that occur simultaneously

A
  1. Extension
  2. Adhesion
  3. Translocation
  4. De-adhesion
91
Q

The first process opf amoeboid motility is ____, where the membrane is pushed forward by means of the polymerization of cytoskeletal filaments.

A

Protrusion

92
Q

Then the protrusion adheres to the __ via the formation of ___, and subsequent contraction of the cellvvcytoskeleton drags the cell body forward.

A

substrate; anchoring points

93
Q

are dynamic events that occur within the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells.

A

Microtubule growth and catastrophes

94
Q

The ____ refers to their
ability to alternate between phases of growth and shrinkage

A

dynamic instability of microtubules

95
Q

___, also known as actin-based gels or actin networks, are dynamic and organized structures formed by a protein called actin.

A

Actin gels

96
Q

Actin can exist in two primary forms:

A

globular (G-actin) and filamentous (F-actin).

97
Q

are involved in cell motility, including processes like crawling, muscle contraction, and the formation of cellular protrusions

A

Actin gels

98
Q

in the cytoskeleton refers to the movement of cellular structures and organelles within a cell that is powered by motor proteins associated with the cytoskeleton.

A

Motor-driven motility

99
Q

____ explain various biophysical processes.
These models involve the movement of proteins, ion transport, and rotary-motor processes.

A

Isothermal rectifying models

Cell & Mol Bio (7 decks)

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