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Cell & Mol Bio > C5.2: Membrane-bound organelles > Flashcards

C5.2: Membrane-bound organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Golgi apparatus is named after ___, an Italian biologist who discovered the organelle

A

Camillo Golgi

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2
Q

a membrane-bound packaging organelle of eukaryotic cells found in the cytoplasm and is made up of approximately four to eight flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae

A

Golgi apparatus

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3
Q

organelles that is -situated in between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell membrane

A

Golgi

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4
Q

the whole golgi apparatus is supported by

A

cytoplasmic microtubules

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5
Q

long, flattened and sac-like structures that are arranged parallelly in bundles

A

cisternae

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6
Q

Held together by matrix proteins exists primarily as fiber-like bridges

A

cisternae

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7
Q

GRASP:

A

Golgi Reassembly Stacking Protein

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8
Q

The volume enclosed by the membranes of any citerna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans- Golgi networks

A

lumen

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9
Q

Help move the proteins from the ER and transport these proteins to the Golgi apparatus for further sorting and refining

A

Transport vesicles

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10
Q

Form from trans Golgi network and store their contents until specific signals direct them to fuse with the plasma membrane through the process of exocytosis

A

Secretory vesicles

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11
Q

Three Primary Compartments of Golgi

A

Cis face
medial-golgi network
trans face

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12
Q
  • cisternae nearest the endoplasmic reticulum; entry face
A

Cis face

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13
Q
  • central layers of cisternae • Pertain to the golgi sacs in between the cis- Golgi network and the trans- Golgi network
A

medial-golgi network

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14
Q
  • cisternae farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum; exit face
A

Trans face

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15
Q

associated with the movement of molecules from
the endoplasmic reticulum to their final destination and the modification of certain products along the way.

A

Golgi apparatus

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16
Q

two models of golgi

A

Vesicular Transport Model
Cisternal Maturation Model

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17
Q

Vesicular Transport Model originally developed and advocated by ___ and ___

A

George Palade, Marilyn Farquhar

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18
Q

This model claims that Golgi cisternae are stable compartments that house certain protein modification enzymes that function to add or remove sugars, add sulfate groups and perform other modifications. The vital element of this model is that the cisternae themselves are stationary.

A

Vesicular Transport Model

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19
Q

This model depicts the Golgi apparatus as a far dynamic organelles as it indicates that the cis cisternae move forward and mature into trans cisternae. This occurs when a new cis cisterna is formed by the fusion of vesicles at the cis face.

A

Cisternal Maturation Model

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20
Q

Refers to the pathway in which the newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER are transported to the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane or other target site

A

Anterograde transport

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21
Q

The transport of proteins and lipids in the reverse direction; use as a quality control

A

Retrograde transport

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22
Q

This happens when Golgi proteins are retrieved to be recycled to the earlier compartments or when proteins/ lipids need further modifications and when they are brought in the wrong Golgi compartment.

A

Retrograde

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23
Q

The step- by- step process that a protein undergoes from the ER to the Golgi and finally to the target site

A

protein cargo

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24
Q

step-by-step process in protein cargo (5)

A
  1. Budding
  2. Transportation
  3. Fusion
  4. Modification
  5. Sorting and Tagging
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25
The ER sends the “protein cargo” via a transport vesicle budding off from the ER exit sites. Location:
Budding; ER
26
The transport vesicle travel along the microtubule toward the cis- Golgi network/ face (entry face) Location:
Transportation ; Cytoplasmic microtubule
27
Markers and membrane proteins in the transport vesicle interact with the receptors in the cis- Golgi network and fuses with the membrane of the Golgi apparatus then releases the proteins into the Golgi lumen. Location:
Fusion; Cis-golgi
28
Golgi apparatus ensures that the products are in their ideal state, hence, in this step, protein undergoes post- translational modification Location:
Modification; various regions of Golgi
29
post- translational modification of Golgi (4)
Phosphorylation- Acetylation- Methylation- Lipid modifications
30
the process of adding phosphate groups to proteins essential for proteins necessary for signaling pathways and cellular processes
Phosphorylation-
31
the addition of acetyl groups to the protein necessary for protein- protein interactions, protein stability and gene expression regulation
Acetylation-
32
the addition of methyl groups to proteins essential for protein- protein interactions, protein localization and stability
Methylation-
33
Golgi apparatus is the site for modifying lipids such as the addition of lipid anchors.
Lipid modifications
34
The Golgi sorts the modified protein cargo based on sorting signals added to the protein molecule to ensure that the proteins destined for the plasma membrane undergo glycosylation-
Sorting and Tagging
35
a process involving the addition of sugar molecules that will determine their final destinations.
GLYCOSYLATION:
36
Formation of Glycoprotein
PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION:
37
process by which the carbohydrate is covalently attached to the protein molecule is called ___. In this process, ___ is formed.
protein glycosylation; glycoprotein
38
Oligosaccharides may be attached to proteins via three specific amino acids:
Asparagine, Serine, and Threonine.
39
Two types of bonds between a sugar and a protein
N- glycosidic bond/ linkage O- glycosidic bond/ linkage
40
formed between the nitrogen of the Asparagine and a sugar; begins in the ER;
N- glycosidic bond/ linkage
41
For sugar to attach on Asn, the sequence must be: -
Asn- arbitrary protein (excluding Pro)- Thr/ Ser
42
bond formed between the oxygen on the Serine or Threonine and a corresponding sugar molecule
O- glycosidic bond/ linkage
43
where the process is complete exclusively in the Golgi apparatus
O- glycosidic bond/ linkage
44
The protein is packaged into transport vesicles with distinct membrane proteins or markers that will specifically interact with the membrane receptors of their target destination
packaging
45
Lipids are transported through a specialized transport vesicles called ER- to- Golgi transport vesicles also referred to as ___ as the budding vesicle is coated with ____ proteins.
COPII vesicles; Coat Protein Complex II (COPII)
46
Upon a signal, the vesicle fuses to the plasma membrane to release the proteins outside the cell in the process called __ which only occurs as a response to a particular stimulus.
regulated secretion
47
This process ensures a steady supply of essential molecules from the cell to the extracellular environment.
CONSTITUTIVE AND REGULATED SECRETION
48
Lysosomal proteins that are synthesized in the ER will be transported in the Golgi for modifications via transport vesicles. The Golgi will modify these proteins by the addition of _______ When these tags are recognized by the M6P receptors, proteins will be sorted and become transport vesicles.
mannose-6- phosphate (M6P) tags.;
49
process by which proteins are distributed throughout the cell and released to the extracellular matrix.
MEMBRANE TRAFFICKING
50
a key process for maintaining the sustainability of the cell by transporting these proteins and other nutrients to all the parts of the cellular system
MEMBRANE TRAFFICKING
51
membrane trafficking pathways are classified into two major categories
exocytosis endocytosis
52
the secretory pathway that transports newly synthesized proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the plasma membrane (PM) and/or the extracellular space
exocytosis
53
a pathway in which the process starts from the plasma membrane to the cell interior
endocytosis
54
Types of Transport Proteins (2)
Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport
55
- a transport protein simply creates an opening for a substance to diffuse down its concentration gradient
Facilitated Diffusion
56
- the cell expends energy in order to move a substance against its concentration gradient
Active Transport
57
Other Types of Transport Proteins (2)
Carrier Proteins Channel/pore Protein
58
have to change shape in order to pass the molecule across the plasma membrane
Carrier Proteins
59
serves as a tunnel across the membrane into the cell via passive transport, a process called facilitated diffusion
Channel Protein
60
responsible for bringing in ions and other small molecules into the cell
Channel Protein
61
proteins open holes in the membrane of a cell. These proteins are characterized by being open to both the intracellular and extracellular space at the same time
Channel/Pore Protein
62
typically designed so that only one specific substance can pass through
Channel/Pore Protein
63
use charged amino acids, spaced at precise distances, to attract their desired ion while repelling all others. The desired ion can then flow through the channel while other substances cannot.
voltage-gated ions channels
64
are only open to one side of the membrane at once because they transport substances against their concentration gradient
Carrier Proteins
65
typically use energy to change shape
Carrier Proteins
66
example of carrier proteins (2)
Sodium-potassium pump Sodium-glucose transport protein
67
used the energy of ATP to change its shape from being open to the intracellular solution to being open to the extracellular solution (allows it to collect ions inside the cell and release them outside of it, and then vice versa.)
Sodium-potassium pump
68
uses the concentration gradient of sodium, to move glucose against its concentration gradient, without using ATP directly
Sodium-glucose transport protein
69
Examples of Transport Proteins (3)
Sodium-Potassium Pump Sodium-Glucose Transport Prot Gated Ion Channels

Cell & Mol Bio (7 decks)

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