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Cell & Mol Bio > C8: Current Trends > Flashcards

C8: Current Trends Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

studies the properties and functions of cells, the basic
unit of life, and their composition, replication, and interaction with their environment

A

Cell biology

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2
Q

focuses on studying whole organisms and their interactions within populations (a “top-down” approach), and
molecular biology examines the components of living things (a “bottom-up” approach)

A

Traditional biology

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3
Q

is a branch of biochemistry that studies the chemistry of molecules connected to living processes, with a particular focus on nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and proteins, which are created using genetic instructions.

A

Molecular biology

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4
Q

is a major DNA-based tool that allows genes or multiple genes to be identified, cut, and inserted into a genome of another organism.

A

Recombinant DNA Technology

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5
Q

In 1972, ___ produced the first recombinant DNA molecule. He joined DNA fragments from two different viruses using restriction enzymes and ligase.

A

Paul Berg

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6
Q

1973, ____ and ____ engineered the first organism to contain a recombinant DNA. They introduced an antibiotic resistance gene to E. coli.

A

Herb Boyer; Stanley Cohen

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7
Q

Herb Boyer’s company called __ successfully produced the first recombinant DNA drug in 1978: ___

A

Genetech; Human insulin

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8
Q

Tools for rDNA Technology (4)

A

Vector
restriction enzyme
ligation enzyme
host

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9
Q

refers to a DNA molecule which introduces the desired DNA to be insert into a host cell.

A

.
Vector

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10
Q

Examples are plasmids, viruses, and yeast cells. Escherichia coli plasmids are one the most common

A

vector

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11
Q

this enzyme is responsible for cleaving
DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end

A

Restriction enzyme

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12
Q

An example of a restriction enzyme is ___, a kind that cuts straight through the DNA strands.

A

Smal

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13
Q

these are joining enzymes that glue together fragments of newly synthesized DNA to form a seamless strand.

A

Ligation enzymes

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14
Q

refers to the organism where the recombinant plasmid is inserted into, copy the vector DNA along with their own DNA, creating multiple copies of the inserted DNA.

A

Host

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15
Q

____ is a newly synthesized rDNA insulin which is known to be more effective and fast-acting in comparison with the first human insulin Humulin

A

Lispro or Humalog

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16
Q

A unique and well-known recombinant protein called __ was also produced that may be utilized to effectively treat anemia.

A

Epoetin alfa

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17
Q

is one of the biggest research in genetic manipulation employing the principles of rDNA technology.

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats or CRISPR

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18
Q

It enables geneticists and medical researchers to specifically target gene destruction in human cells, as well as edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence.

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats or CRISPR

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19
Q

USES OF rDNA TECHNOLOGY (7)

A

Recombinant Chymosin
Recombinant Huaman Insulin
Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (HGH, somatotropin)
Recombinant Blood Clotting Factor VIII
Golden Rice
Herbicide-resistant Crops
Insecticide-resistant Crops

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20
Q

is a protease found in rennet, a complex set of enzymes in the digestive system of ruminants.

A

Chymosin

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21
Q

Chymosin breaks down ___, a protein found in milk.

A

casein

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22
Q

is used to manufacture cheese. It was the first genetically engineered food additive used commercially.

A

Chymosin

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23
Q

Three of the most used microbes for cheese production are

A

Aspergillus niger, Kluyveromices lactis and Escherichia coli

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24
Q

is a hormone released by pancreatic cells to liver cells for blood sugar level regulations.

A

Insulin

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25
Q

is released by the pituitary gland that is responsible for regulating growth and development of an organism.

A

Human growth hormone

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26
Q

solution was made by the use of therapeutic HGH derived from pituitary glands of cadavers. However, the patients have developed ___.

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

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27
Q

is a protein produced by liver cells and endothelial cells of the liver, responsible for blood coagulation.

A

Blood-Clotting Factor VIII

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28
Q

The gene for factor VIII is located at the ___; . A defect in this gene causes ___, a blood coagulation disorder characterized by excessive bleeding internally and externally.

A

X-chromosome;Hemophilia

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29
Q

golden rice has modified genes for synthesizing ___, a precursor of vitamin A.

A

betacarotene

30
Q

A wide variety of important agricultural crops like soy, maize, and cotton have been incorporated with a recombinant gene that results in their resistance to ___.

A

herbicide glyphosate

31
Q

__ is a bacterium that can synthesize a protein (Bt toxin) causing resistance to insecticidal properties.

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

32
Q

This bacterium was used in agriculture as an insect-control strategy for many generations.

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

33
Q

is a process of creating a copy or many copies of a single fragment of DNA

A

Gene cloning

34
Q

This is done through the insertion of a DNA fragment into a small DNA molecule and then allowing this to replicate inside a living cell such as a bacterium.

A

Gene cloning

35
Q

In Gene cloning, The small replicating molecule is called a ____ Plasmids, viruses, and yeast cells are the most common

A

DNA vector (carrier).

36
Q

is another way of creating multiple copies of a specific section of DNA without the need for vectors

A

Polymerase chain reaction

37
Q

Here, the template strand is mixed with two 20 base pairs primers complementary to the template DNA, nucleotides, and a version of DNA polymerase known as ____.

A

PCR; Taq polymerase

38
Q

Three steps of PCR involves: .

A

denaturation, primer annealing, and extension

39
Q

Is a large collection of cloned DNA sequences from a single genome.

A

Gene library

40
Q

A ___ is a collection of at least one copy of the DNA sequences in an organism’s genome.

A

genomic library

41
Q

A _______ contains DNA prepared from the mRNA present in a given cell population using the enzymes ____, which produces single stranded DNA from mRNA, and DNA polymerase which converts single-stranded DNA to double-stranded DNA.

A

complementary DNA (cDNA) library; reverse transcriptase

42
Q

This library can also be prepared using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR).

A

complementary DNA (cDNA) library

43
Q

THE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF GENES AND GENE PRODUCTS (4)

A

Southern Blotting
Northern Blotting
Western Blotting
DNA Sequencing

44
Q

is a natural genetic mechanism in plants and animals. They protect cellular machinery from viruses and foreign genetic material. It can silence specific genes, making it a valuable research tool in biotechnology and next-generation medical therapies.

A

RNA interference

45
Q

The RNA interference contains unique segments known as _____, which have nucleotide sequences complementary to the targeted RNA strand.

A

small interfering RNA strands (siRNA)

46
Q

is a regulatory system in eukaryotic cells that controls gene activity. It mainly functions to silence or deactivate genes.

A

RNA interference (RNAi)

47
Q

the silencing ability of RNAi was discovered by American scientists ________ who shared the 2006 Nobel Prize for physiological or medicine.

A

Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello

48
Q

RNAi was also known by other names such as (3)

A

quelling, posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and co-suppression.

49
Q

The enzyme ____ starts the RNAi pathway, which is present in many eukaryotes, including animals.

A

dicer

50
Q

breaks large doublestranded RNA molecules into short double-stranded fragments of 21 nucleotides called siRNAs.

A

Dicer

51
Q

The ____ and the ____ are the two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs) that are formed when each siRNA unwinds.

A

passenger strand; guide strand

52
Q

these genes can have their activity suppressed by cells through an innate mechanism called RNAi.

A

transposons, or “jumping genes”,

53
Q

occurs when RNA sequences inhibit the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in retinal cells, causing excess growth of blood vessels and vision loss.

A

Macular degeneration

54
Q

involves the manipulation and manufacturing of materials and devices on the scale of atoms or small groups of atoms.

A

Nanotechnology

55
Q

is a branch of medical science that applies biological and physiological principles to clinical practice.

A

Biomedicine

56
Q

With advances in molecular biology, much diagnostic work now focuses on detecting specific biological “signatures.” These analyses are referred to as

A

bioassays

57
Q

Semiconductor scientists concur that because of quantum effects like “tunneling,” in which electrons deviate from their intended circuit path and cause atomic-scale interference between devices, the continual decrease in “conventional” electronic devices will inevitably approach fundamental limits.

A

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

58
Q

The use of molecules for electronic devices was suggested by ___ of Northwestern University and Avi Aviram of IBM as early as the 1970s, but proper nanotechnology tools did not become available until the turn of the 21st century

A

Mark Ratner

59
Q

Carbon nanotubes have remarkable electronic, mechanical, and chemical properties. Depending on their specific diameter and the bonding arrangement of their carbon atoms, nanotubes exhibit either metallic or semiconducting behaviour.

A

NANOTUBES AND NANOWIRES

60
Q

The energy required to add an electron to a small island at nanoscale scales is crucial for .

A

single-electron transistors

61
Q

These devices are easily realizable at low temperatures, but roomtemperature applications require a drastic reduction in size to achieve steady operation.

A

single-electron transistors

62
Q

is an emerging field that uses spin and electrical charge to conduct logic operations on carriers. It focuses on the injection, transit, and detection of spin-polarized carriers, the nanoscale structure and electrical characteristics of ferromagnetic-semiconductor interfaces.

A

Spintronics

63
Q

Current ____ methods include high-density, highspeed electronic memories, magnetic and optical discs, and nanotechnology.

A

information storage

64
Q

a commercial development, uses nanometre thick magnetic layers and nonvolatile memory, requiring minimal evolution from conventional semiconductor manufacturing

A

Magnetic randomaccess memory (MRAM),

65
Q

Nanoscale structuring of optical devices,
including VCSELS,
quantum dot lasers, and photonic crystal materials, is advancing ___ technology

A

communications

66
Q

involves scaling down existing technologies or creating sophisticated molecular devices atom by atom

A

Nanofabrication

67
Q

____ methods are best for nanoscale assembly, while ____ methods produce long-range structures and macroscopic connections. New fabrication and measuring technologies are needed.

A

Bottomup; top-down

68
Q

The most common top-down approach to fabrication involves ____ using short-wavelength optical sources.

A

lithographic patterning techniques

69
Q

A key advantage of the ___ approach-as developed in the fabrication of integrated circuits-is that the parts are both patterned and built in place, so that no assembly step is needed.

A

top- down

70
Q

___ uses chemical or physical forces to assemble basic units into larger structures, providing a complementary method to top-down techniques.

A

Bottom-up nanofabrication

Cell & Mol Bio (7 decks)

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