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year 1 - dentistry > introduction to biomolecules > Flashcards

introduction to biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are bonds dependent on and when is it most stable?

A

dependent on the arrangement of electrons in the outer shell of each atom. most stable when full

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2
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

transfer of electrons between metals and non metals

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3
Q

what is a covalent bond and what is polar and non polar

A

when electrons are shared

: polar - unequal charge
: non polar - equal sharing of electrons

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4
Q

purpose of non covalent bonds and examples

A
  • stabilise molecules, have lower energy than covalent
  • hydrogen, electrostatic and van der waal
  • individually weak and collectively strong
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5
Q

what is hydrogen bonding and where is it found?

A
  • hydrogen that is covalently attached to an electronegative atom (oxygen or nitrogen) has an attractive interaction with another electronegative atom
  • highly directional and strongest when atoms involved are co linear
  • H bonds are important in the stabilisation of dna and secondary structures of proteins
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6
Q

electrostatic and how are they weakened

A
  • charged groups within the biomolecules can be electrostatically attracted to oppositely charged groups
  • weakened by water and salt
  • changes w ph
  • eg amino acids can be charged and these electrostatic interactions are important in enzyme substrate complex formations
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7
Q

van der waals

A
  • weakest non covalent bond
  • individually weak but collectively strings
  • forces only come into play when molecules are in close proximity
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8
Q

three properties of water

A
  • solvent
  • polar therefore acts as a solvent (h bonds get weakened)
  • hydrogen bonding therefore highly cohesive
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9
Q

how does the polarity and cohesion come about in water

A
  • water is a triangular shape and the polarity comes from the partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and the partial negative charge on the oxygen
  • the cohesive properties are due to the hydrogen bonding
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10
Q

name four monomers and their polymers

A

monosaccharide - polysaccharide
amino acids - protein
nucleotide - nucleus acid (dna and rna)
glycerol and fatty acid - diglyceride and triglyceride

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11
Q

why are lipids insoluble in water

A

as they are hydrophobic

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12
Q

name three types of lipids

A

fatty acids, phospholipids and cholesterol

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13
Q

name four functions of lipids

A
  • make phospholipids (in membrane)
  • stores energy
  • insulation, protection and absorbing shock
  • controlling cell activity (steroid hormones)
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14
Q

fatty acid chain

A
  • can be of varying lengths
  • saturated
  • unsaturated (no double bonds)
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15
Q

what are phospholipids made of

A
  • two fatty acids, one phosphate attached to glycerol

- main components of the membrane which surround cells and intracellular organelles

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16
Q

what are triglycerides made of

A
  • three fatty acids and glycerol

- fatty acids chain can be saturated or unsaturated

17
Q

low density lipoprotein

A
  • carry fatty acids and cholesterol around the body
  • precursors for the formation of bile salts, steroid hormones and vitamin D
  • high levels of lipoprotein associated with development of atherosclerosis
18
Q

what are sterols

A
  • cholesterol steroid hormones with overlapping C-H rings
19
Q

what is the basic carbohydrate unit and how are they classified

A
  • monosaccharides
  • classified according to the chemical nature of their carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) and no. of carbon atoms (hexose 6C, heptose 7C)
20
Q

three functions of carbohydrates

A
  • store short term energy
  • structural materials
  • contribute to structure of nucleotides
21
Q

how are amino acids linked

A
  • condensation reaction and amino acids linked by peptide bonds
22
Q

6 functions of proteins

A
  • cell transport
  • contraction
  • signalling
  • enzymes
  • cell attachment
  • structure, muscle, hair
23
Q

function of collagen

A
  • support for tissue and skin
  • most abundant protein in body
  • dentin and bone are mineralised collagen
  • cross linked helix
24
Q

function of nucleotides

A
  • stores information needed to control and build cells
25
Q

what are nucleotides made from

A
  • nucleic acids

- two types DNA and RNA

26
Q

DNA

A
  • double stranded - the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonding between bases
  • storage of information in the nucleus
  • AGTC bases
  • C,N,O ring with 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate
27
Q

RNA

A
  • single stranded
  • AGCU bases
  • made in nucleus and MRNA transported
28
Q

what is amelogensis imperfecta

A
  • genetic mutation
  • amelogenesis - enamel formation
  • teeth discoloured and susceptible to cavities and wear
  • mutations in several genes inc those coding for ameloblastin and enamelin
29
Q

what is ATP and what is it made of

A
  • high energy phosphate bonds that are used to drive linked reactions
  • atp is continually used and regenerated within our body
  • made up of ribose sugar, adenine base, phosphate chain
  • stores energy for catabolic and anabolic reactions
30
Q

why does ATP drive most processes

A
  • due to its high energy phosphoanhydride bonds between phosphate groups
  • phosphate group are negatively charged therefore repel each other, lots of energy required to keep them together and this is released when one phosphate group is released
  • the release of phosphate group converts ATP to ADP driving most energy dependent process in the cells
  • ADP is then converted to ATP by ATP synthase using reduced coenzymes formed during glycolysis and ETC (oxidative phosphorylation)
31
Q

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)

A
  • electron donor in respiratory chain

- metabolic reactions which occur in the mitochondria of the cells

32
Q

what is catabolism

A
  • breakdown of energy yielding larger molecules (fats, carbs, proteins)
  • give out poor energy products which we excrete
    (h20, co2, nh3)
  • requires atp
33
Q

what is anabolism

A
  • build up small molecules to make larger polymers eg amino acids - proteins
  • requires energy

year 1 - dentistry (24 decks)

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