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year 1 - dentistry > cardiovascular > Flashcards

cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

3 reasons why large organisms need a transport system

A
  • to ensure effective diffusion
  • cells metabolically active; system needs to deliver oxygen, nutrients and remove waste products
  • platelets, immune cells and chemical messengers need to move to where they are needed
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2
Q

what 6 things are included in the cardiovascular system

A
  • blood (liquid tissue)
  • heart
  • arteries
  • vein
  • capillaries
  • lymphatics
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3
Q

where does the right side of the heart pump blood to

A
  • the lungs
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4
Q

where does the left side of the heart pump blood to

A
  • the rest of the body
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5
Q

what are the two systems of the heart called

A
  • pulmonary and systemic
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6
Q

how many chambers does the heart have and what are they called and where are they found

A
  • heart has 4 chambers
  • top = atria
  • bottom = ventricles
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7
Q

what is the role of atria

A
  • atria receive blood returning from the body (right atrium) and from the lungs (left atrium)
  • responsible for pumping blood into ventricles
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8
Q

what is the role of ventricles

A
  • ventricles pump blood out of the heart to the lungs (right ventricle) and rest of body (left ventricle)
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9
Q

what is the cardiac muscle that separates the left and right side of the heart and what is its role

A
  • atrial or ventricular septum

- ensures blood flows in a single direction through the heart

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10
Q

what is the process when deoxygenated blood enters the heart

A
  • returns to heart via superior vena cava or inferior vena cava
  • flow into right atrium
  • heart contracts blood is forced through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
  • blood pumped through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery
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11
Q

what is process of oxygenated blood

A
  • oxygenated blood comes to left atrium via pulmonary veins
  • left atrium pumps blood to left ventricle through bicuspid valve
  • contraction of left ventricle blood flows through aortic valve into aorta and rest of body
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12
Q

is the pulmonary system high or low pressure system

A
  • low pressure system as only goes to lungs
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13
Q

what is it termed when heart is relaxing and filling

A
  • diastole
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14
Q

what is systole

A
  • when heart is contracting and pumping
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15
Q

what is contraction of the heart initiated by

A
  • group of cells known as pacemakers
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16
Q

structure of pacemakers

A
  • small, round cells

- contain little or no contractile proteins meaning they do not contribute to the contraction of the heart

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17
Q

what are pacemakers cells responsible for

A
  • generating an action potential
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18
Q

which two regions are pacemakers cells clustered in

A
  • sino - atrial node (SA)

- atrio - ventricular node (AV)

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19
Q

does the SA node have a stable membrane potential and what does this mean

A
  • the cells within the SA have an unstable membrane potential they then generate action potentials 100 times per minute
  • SA node cells are tightly electrically coupled to contractile cells (myocytes) via gap junctions therefore the action potential generated by SA node is rapidly passed throughout the atria
  • this is the electric trigger which signals myocytes to contract
  • once action potential has propagated through the atria, causing atrial contraction it progresses to ventricles
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20
Q

why can action potentials only reach the ventricles by passage through the AV node

A
  • cells within the AV node slow the transmission of action potential
  • leading to a delay between atrial and ventricular contraction
  • this allows for the blood to full leave atria before ventricles contract
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21
Q

once action potential leaves AV node what happens

A
  • rapidly transmitted to the bottom of the ventricles through conductive cells known as bundle of his and purkinje fibres
  • the action potential then travels up through ventricles
22
Q

where are atriaventricular valves found and purpose

A
  • between atria and ventricles

- prevents blood from going back to the atria when heart contracts

23
Q

what do semi lunar valves prevent

A
  • prevents back flow of blood into ventricles
24
Q

what two things do you need to measure blood pressure

A
  • systolic / diastolic
  • systolic represents how hard blood is pumping
  • diastolic represents resistance within blood vessels
25
Q

what do the structure of blood vessels depend on

A
  • where they are located

- what pressure they are under

26
Q

in what way do blood vessels differ

A
  • diameter
  • wall thickness
  • constituents
27
Q

what are the three main layers of blood vessels and where are they found

A
  • intrima (inner most lining)
  • media (middle layer)
  • adventitia (layer of connective tissue outside)
28
Q

why do capillaries only have intrima

A
  • they need thin walls so exchange can occur
29
Q

arteries structure

A
  • thick wall
  • high amounts of elastic and smooth tissue
  • large diameter
  • lower resistance
30
Q

arterioles structure

A
  • smaller arteries
  • small diameter
  • major role in blood pressure regulation
31
Q

capillaries structure

A
  • smallest blood vessels
  • single tube of endothelial cells
  • v close to cells that need oxygen, nutrients and to get rid of waste
  • efficient diffusion
  • leaky or tight - different capillaries in different parts of the body
  • holes in leaky are big enough for cells to come out
32
Q

venules and veins

A
  • low pressure
  • large lumen
  • veins return blood to heart
  • unidirectional valves (blood under low pressure so valves prevent back flow)
33
Q

what is the lymphatic system and what is its role

A
  • system of vessels and nodes
  • removes interstitial fluid to circulation (fluid that cells sit in)
  • lymphatic system plays a role in immunity
  • lymph contains lymphocytes
  • concentrated in nodes - no. of lymphocytes can be increased and go to site of infection
  • tumours can spread to lymph nodes
34
Q

homeostasis

A
  • receptor - control center - effector
35
Q

what are the receptors involved in cardiovascular homeostasis

A
  • baro receptor (detect pressure)

- chemoreceptor ( detects changes in chemicals in blood eg oxygen, ph)

36
Q

where is the control centre in cardiovascular homeostasis

A
  • medula oblongata
37
Q

what are the effectors

A
  • heart rate
  • stroke volume
  • vascular tone
38
Q

what two ways can the heart be controlled

A
  • intrinsic (signals within the heart)

- extrinsic (signals coming from other parts of the body)

39
Q

what is the frank starling response

A
  • instrinic response
  • mechanism of controlling cardiac output
  • law states stroke volume increases as the filling of heart with blood increases
  • as blood pressure increases the volume of blood increases
40
Q

extrinsic factors which affect heart rate

A
  • age and exercise
  • ions - increased potassium or sodium leads to a reduction in heart rate
  • hormones (epinenine, thyroxin)
  • nervous stimulation from branches of autonomic nervous system
41
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A
  • lumen gets smaller - increase blood pressure by reducing blood volume
42
Q

what is vasodilation

A
  • lumen gets bigger - reduction in blood pressure
43
Q

how are the cardiovascular and respiratory system linked

A
  • they work together
  • chemoreceptors in the aorta, carotid and brain
  • constantly measuring oxygen, co2 and ph
  • changes in those leads to increased breathing
  • heart then beats faster
44
Q

what is aortic disease

A
  • wall of aorta becomes weakened and bulged due to increased blood pressure
45
Q

what is peripheral artery disease

A
  • affects blood vessels other than aorta and coronary heart vessels
46
Q

what is a stoke and transient ischaemic attack

A
  • bleed or clotting in brain
47
Q

how can a heart attack happen

A
  • when blood vessels supplying heart become narrowed and not enough oxygen reaching heart and heart tissue begins to die
48
Q

what is atherosclerosis and blood clots

A
  • blood vessels become obstructed - arteries becomes narrowed as fat deposited
  • blood clots form in body preventing blood getting to certain positions
49
Q

what factors of lifestyle lead to risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A
  • smoking, weight, diet
  • family history and ethnic background
  • age
  • diabetes - twice as likely to have hypertension, obesity and low activity - more likely to have a poor lipid profile and have low lipid density
50
Q

what is hypertension

A
  • blood pressure always higher
  • damages arteries therefore increase deposition of fat increasing risk of aneurysm
  • heart has to work harder therefore increase risk of haemorrhage stroke
51
Q

what are therapeutic agents and examples

A
  • help fight high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease

; renin - angiotensin
; anticoagulants - reduces clotting
; beta - adrenergic blocking agents - reduces interferes with nervous stimulation of heart
; ca channel blockers - causes blood vessels to dilate increasing volume, decreasing pressure and heart rate
; statins - cholesterol lowered drugs - reduce bad cholesterol and improves lipid profile

year 1 - dentistry (24 decks)

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